Creative PR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Creative PR - Essay Example Creative PR is a public relation company that was established by John Williams and Caroline Brown. Eventually, Margaret Sinclair and Fred Foster also joined them to establish the organization in the market during its developmental phase. According to the case scenario, the new employees were also motivated to become all-rounders pertaining to diversified work areas in Creative PR, which indicates to an informal culture in the organisation (Morgan, 1997). To be noted, such a structure is often argued as effective in the initial or foundation period of a business, as it helps in its proper functioning even with a limited number of human resources (Williams, 2008). Having knowledge about various specialized works enabled the employees to handle different situations efficiently. Such diversity in the workplace also enables the employees to manage their operations efficiently with minimum or no dependency on departmental structures making every individual efficient enough to take care of the given responsibilities (Lunenburg, 2012; Morgan, 1997). The organisational structure being followed was basically flattened and flexible in Creative PR. Each staff working within the organization developed reasonable competencies pertaining to all these key areas. In relation to the flexible organisational structure it represents the ability of an organisation to reactively embrace the change pertaining to its prevailing environment (Kirikova, n.d.). However, a theoretical perspective to the scenario revealed that due to the flattened work structure, employees used to be out of the work place for longer hours. This open structure and culture provided motivation to the employees in terms of diversified job responsibilities, but also added to perplexities within the organisational structure regarding the continuous interchange of job roles (Lunenburg, 2012; Morgan, 1997). Although the defined work culture proved beneficial in facilitating organisational development during the init ial performance, considering the later challenges and need for expansion, Williams and Brown were planning to change the prevailing organisational structure and culture in a more organised manner, applying a multi-layered matrix framework (Aguilar-Saven, 2004; Miles & et. al., 1978). Subsequently, Williams and Brown decided to follow the ‘Adhocracy’ organisational culture (Lunenburg, 2012; Morgan, 1997). 1.2 Implication of These Structures In relation to the open or flattened structure, as was applied and favoured by Sinclair and Foster, the case study reflects that socially there was a close relation between the management and the staff members that contributed to the mitigation of these limitations by developing a cohesive work culture within the organisation. As per the case scenario, major clients of the company were also involved in company celebrations, which contributed to a good reputation of the firm adding efficiency to its way of operations. Clients used to p articipate in the parties and get impressed by the interpersonal association existing between the management and staff members gaining confidence on the employees who had continuous interaction with them. As a result of this particular organisational culture the morale of the employees were also identified to be high that further augmented the efficiency of the organisation in

The failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby - Essay Example Though Ralph Lauren is one of the most preferred luxury clothing brands, customer segmentation was completely different for its new arm. This had not only created confusion among customers, but also dissolved the overall brand identity of the Rugby brand. The objective of the current report is to analyze the failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby, an extended sports clothing line of the brand. On November 2012, the Rugby line of the brand had come to an end. Subsequently, website of the line was also closed down and the links were automatically directed to the parent site of Ralph Lauren. Known for high-end, bold and sassy styles, Ralph Lauren Corporation is one of the finest clothing retail organizations. The luxury retail chain was started in the year 1967 by Ralph Lauren, when he was funded by a manufacturer of clothing lines. He was asked to launch a line for men’s ties with the brand name, Polo. While studying in high school, Ralph had already started selling ties. Following that, he was approached by Norman Hilton and in the year 1969, he opened his first boutique in Manhattan (Ralph Lauren, 2014). The business was further expanded by selling tailor made women suits. The first solo shop was opened in the year 1971 in Beverly Hills. Ralph Lauren gained global recognition in a very short time period and by 1981, he was able to open his maiden international shop in London (Ralph Lauren, 2014). The brand has now expanded in various apparel and accessories sections, such as, semi-formal and formal clothing, luxury wear, fragrances, accessories and furniture. The brand has also ventured into restaurant business by opening a high-end restaurant in Chicago. The purpose of this report is to analyse various situations under which the sports arm of Ralph Lauren was pulled out from the market. Launched in the year 2004, Rugby Ralph Lauren was a famous clothing brand of America. The brand focused on preppy or rugby inspired apparels for women and

Problem of obesity in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem of obesity in America - Essay Example Studies have shown that obesity leads to type two diabetes, heart diseases and heat attacks, hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome, and Dyslipidemia. It is therefore imperative that healthier lifestyles are inculcated among young children ever since their childhood. Therefore, it is high time that obesity rate in US is reduced through effective measures and policies, and for this, one needs to have a thorough understanding of the reasons for obesity in the state. Genetics, changed life style of people, unhealthy eating habits, lack of required physical exercises, and food addiction are generally found to be the major causes for obesity. The consumption of high calorie snacks and fast food items can also lead to overweight and obesity. It is proved that most of the obesity cases are genetically inherited. Therefore, the children of obese parents are more likely to be obese compared to those of lean parents. But one cannot negate the other factors as there is a great increase of obesity rat e among people who cannot blame their inheritance for being so. The modern fast food culture, unhygienic food habits and people’s unwillingness or lack of time to take proper exercises to maintain their physical fitness have all immensely contributed to obesity in the United States.

The failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby - Essay Example Though Ralph Lauren is one of the most preferred luxury clothing brands, customer segmentation was completely different for its new arm. This had not only created confusion among customers, but also dissolved the overall brand identity of the Rugby brand. The objective of the current report is to analyze the failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby, an extended sports clothing line of the brand. On November 2012, the Rugby line of the brand had come to an end. Subsequently, website of the line was also closed down and the links were automatically directed to the parent site of Ralph Lauren. Known for high-end, bold and sassy styles, Ralph Lauren Corporation is one of the finest clothing retail organizations. The luxury retail chain was started in the year 1967 by Ralph Lauren, when he was funded by a manufacturer of clothing lines. He was asked to launch a line for men’s ties with the brand name, Polo. While studying in high school, Ralph had already started selling ties. Following that, he was approached by Norman Hilton and in the year 1969, he opened his first boutique in Manhattan (Ralph Lauren, 2014). The business was further expanded by selling tailor made women suits. The first solo shop was opened in the year 1971 in Beverly Hills. Ralph Lauren gained global recognition in a very short time period and by 1981, he was able to open his maiden international shop in London (Ralph Lauren, 2014). The brand has now expanded in various apparel and accessories sections, such as, semi-formal and formal clothing, luxury wear, fragrances, accessories and furniture. The brand has also ventured into restaurant business by opening a high-end restaurant in Chicago. The purpose of this report is to analyse various situations under which the sports arm of Ralph Lauren was pulled out from the market. Launched in the year 2004, Rugby Ralph Lauren was a famous clothing brand of America. The brand focused on preppy or rugby inspired apparels for women and

Recommendation from IT department to CEO about SARS Virus-2013 Essay

Recommendation from IT department to CEO about SARS Virus-2013 - Essay Example ymptoms: Provided that SARS outbreak is confirmed, it is possible, regardless of whether a case is identified or not for the IT department to research from various medical databases the symptoms of SARS virus. This approach would ensure the company can conduct a diagnosis process to isolate the health stakeholders from the infected and to contain farther spreading of the virus (Berkman, 2007). b. Research on virus management: Since the virus is reported to have been detected, the IT department is responsible for researching virus management strategies to aid in the containment of the virus from spreading to healthy individuals (Berkman, 2007). c. Quarantine procedures and specifications: The IT department can play the role of researching and developing models of quarantine units within the organization to aid in isolating infected cases from uninfected ones. In addition, this process would ensure that no infected cases leave the premises without professional examination (Berkman, 2007). d. Developmental analysis for virus scan: The IT department in collaboration with medical professionals can research, design, and develop a program for scanning stakeholders of the virus to ensure new cases are not introduced into the premises and current sufferers do not elude quarantine (Berkman, 2007). Berkman, BE. (2007). Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Strategies for Disease Containment. Accessed online on February 17, 2015 from

Blood Diamond - Film Essay Example for Free

Blood Diamond Film Essay I agree with this view because key ideas are an important part of a film to make it more interesting for the audience. In the film Blood Diamond directed by Edward Zwick some of the key ideas are: What is valuable and important, the devastation of war and exploitation of people and resources. These key ideas in the film help viewers to understand the film better. The key idea of what is valuable is an important one in the film. The three main characters Maddy, Danny and Solomon all have something different that is valuable to them. Maddy is a journalist who travels around the world in search of a good story. She ends up in Sierra Leone to get a story about what is going on with the civil war over the diamonds but when she gets there she finds it hard to get any information about the diamond smuggling so she focuses on the welfare of the country and the people. In the film Maddy is shown to value the welfare of the Sierra Leone people. This is shown when Maddy is writing a story on her laptop and then Danny walks in. Maddy lets Danny know how important the welfare of the country is to her when she says, â€Å"Its not going to be enough to make it stop. People back home wouldn’t buy rings if they knew it cost someone else their hands. † Writing her stories does not have a big effect on the people in the western world they are too selfish to help the country out in their time of civil war. Another text I read is A Long Way Gone written by Ishmael Beah in that text the main character of the non-fiction text is Ishmael who is in the civil war in Sierra Leone at the same time as Maddy. He is a forced child soldier and he values his freedom. Another key idea in Blood Diamond is the devastation of war. The film shows how war is devastating because many lives are lost and most of the lives lost are civilians who arent involved in the war at all. An example of the devastation of war is when the rebels burst into Solomon’s village and kill nearly everyone while on their violent shooting rampage. The rebels don’t care who they shoot or how many they shoot which is devastating. Another example is the way the rebels force children to become soldiers. They steal the children away from their families and make them shoot people. They make them say the chant â€Å"shed their blood† which is forcing the children to kill. There is devastation when the rebels burst into the city and and start blowing it up and catching it on fire and shooting people in the street who have no defense against the rampage. The army try to fight back but they are outnumbered and have no chance against the Rebels. Everyone is scared of the rebels and the survivors go into hiding. A camera shot is used to show how scared the civilians are and how powerful the Rebels are is when Danny looks through a the hole in the fence and the camera shows what the scene is outside the fence through the hole from Danny’s point of view. The scene on the other side of the fence is of some army guys getting shot at by Rebels. â€Å"People back home wouldn’t buy rings if they knew it cost someone else their hands. † Maddy This shows the devastation of war. My final key idea is the exploitation of people and resources. The film shows us that children were exploited to become soldiers by the rebels. There are scenes in the film showing the Rebels bursting into villages and snatching children from their families and taken to the rebel camps. In the text A Long Way Gone children are also expiated to be soldiers for the Rebels. Ishmael was found by the Rebels and taken to a camp and forced to be a soldier or he would lose his own life. These are examples of how people were exploited in texts during the civil war in Sierra Leone in the 1990’s. Also during this war some resources were exploited one of them was diamonds. Diamonds are mined by unpaid workers who are forced to work with no benefits then they are illegally taken across the border to tother countries who then sell the exploited diamonds, one country they do this in is Liberia. Danny is a good example of taking the diamonds across the border when he stashes some under a goats skin and makes up a story to tell the authorities but it doesn’t work. With all the corruption going on in the country Solomon says, â€Å"perhaps we were better off when the white man was ruling us. This shows that since they have become republic the country has become corrupt and Solomon thinks that if they were ruled by the commonwealth they would be better off and not have war. Blood Diamond explores the key ideas of: What is valuable and important which is the welfare of the Sierra Leone people, devastation of war which is when the RUF kill innocent citizens. And the exploitatio n of people and resources which is when the RUF force children to become soldiers. Exploration of these issues certainly contributes to making this one of the best films.

Fastest Finger First Project Report

Fastest Finger First Project Report Abstract In the buzzer round of quiz contests, the question is thrown open to all the teams. The person who knows the answer hits the buzzer first and then answers the question. Sometimes two or more players hit the buzzer almost simultaneously and it is very difficult to detect which of them has pressed the buzzer first. In television shows, where the whole event is recorded, the actions are replayed in slow motion to detect the first hit. Such slow motions are possible only where huge funds are available to conduct the show. For this reason buzzer rounds are avoided for quiz contests held in colleges. This project is an electronic quiz buzzer that is affordable by the colleges and even individuals. This project is useful for a 4-team quiz contest, although it can be modified for more number of teams. This system is sensitive. The circuit can detect and record the first hit contestant among all the contestants that may appear to be simultaneous Buzzer controllers for 4-team quizzes are readily available in the market. However, buzzer controller capable handling six or eight team are hard to find. The circuit presented here can be used for up to eight teams. It can be easily expanded to accommodated more teams through suitable cascading of latches and AND gates along with transistors, relays, etc. In the buzzer round of any quiz contest question are thrown open to all the participating teams. Each team has a push button switch to ring the buzzer. After hearing the question any member of a team who knows the answer and hits there switch first gets a chance to answer. In multiple cases who hit the switch first gets the opportunity to reply. For next round the quiz master reset the buzzer operation circuit by pressing the reset switch. For visual indication all teams have the lamp fitted on their desk. The lamps glow until the reset of buzzer controller indicating the eligible team for replying the question. For audio indication the buzzer rings and turns off automatically after a few second. The audio visual circuit is powered through actuation of relay contacts. Here 230v AC has been used. BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure:1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure:2 Figure:2 Working of Finger first indicator Fastest finger first indicators (FFFIs) are used to test the players reaction time. The players designated number is displayed with an audio alarm when the player presses his entry button. The circuit presented here determines as to which of the 8 contestants first pressed the button and locks out the remaining three entries. Simultaneously, an audio alarm and the correct decimal number display of the corresponding contestant are activated. When a contestant presses his switch, the corresponding output of latch IC1 (74373) changes its logic state from 1 to 0. The combinational circuitry comprising dual 4-input NAND gates of IC3 (7430) locks out subsequent entries by producing the appropriate latch-disable signal. Priority encoder IC2 (74147) encodes the active-low input condition into the corresponding binary coded decimal (BCD) number output. The outputs of IC4 after inversion by inverter gates inside hex inverter 74LS04 (IC5) are coupled to BCDto-7-segment decoder/display driver IC6 (7447). The output of IC6 drives common anode 7-segment LED display (DIS.1, FND507 or LT543). The audio alarm generator comprises clock oscillator (555), whose output drives a loudspeaker. The oscillator frequency can be varied with the help of Preset VR1. Logic 0 state at one of the outputs of IC2 produces logic 1 input condition at pin 4 of 555, thereby enabling the audio oscillator. 555 needs +12V DC supply for sufficient alarm level. The remaining circuit operates on regulated +5V DC supply, which is obtained using (7805).Once the organiser identifies the contestant who pressed the switch first, he disables the audio alarm and at the same time forces the digital display to 0 by pressing reset pushbutton S9 PCB FABRICATION PCB Designing is an important part of the project development, complexity size the PCB for our Project Buzzer Controller For 8-Team Quiz Contests is made by Photo chemical process on copper clad base materials the following steps are involved in Fabrication. Layout designing 1. Art work designing 2. Negative preparation 3. Eleclining 4. Cleaning 5. Coating of Protective layer 6. Drilling 7. Testing Figure:3LAYOUT DESIGNING:- First of all we have prepared the layout designing on graph paper according to the schematic diagram. To layout diagram shown in the tracks on PCB to join the components as per schematic diagram. Taking the consideration actual size (100%) of each components and pin to pin distance of the components. ART WORK DESIGNING:- Art work is the preparation after the layout Modification. Art work is prepared on clad shed by tracking the circuit. On it with tapes different width, circular pads, IC pads cutter 2. NEGATIVE PREPARETION:- For the preparation of Negative the photographic with feint is to cut to the six of the art work it is then place with film in the vertical photographic camera the developer used in the lithe developer. Which consist of A B developer mixed in same proportion. The film is then fixed through fixer which is the Sodium Thiosulphate solution the film then washed with the water and then dried. At least to clean the liquor thinner to protect the tracks from corrosion and moisture effects. Figure:4 4. ELECLINING:- It is the process in which extra copper is removed from copper clad sheet with heep Ferric Chloride(feels) solution. The copper clad sheet is dipped in the feels for about 3 hours. By this process we got the PCB with wanted tracks. 5. CLEANING:- Now remove the dye with help of thinner, wash it with water and dry it in sun light. 6. COATING OF PROTECTIVE LAYERS:- The PCB is now Coated with non-conducting solution. LAQUAR to prevent the tracks from environment hazards like corrosion and moisture effects. Figure:5 PCB LAYOUT FOR FINGER FIRST INDICATOR Figure:6 7. DRILLING:- Drilling is done to create the components lead holes Drill of 1mm.(Diameter) is used. 8. TESTING:- The copper tracks are tested with the digital multimeter if any track is open short can be repaired before mounting the components on PCB. Now PCB is ready for assembly. COMPONENTS LIST Semiconductors: IC1 -74LS373 IC2 -74LS147 IC3 -74LS30 IC4 -74LS00 IC5 74LS04 IC6 74LS47 IC7 -7805, 5V regulator IC8 NE555 timer T1 -BC547 NPN transistor 7- segment display- DIS.1, FND507 or LT543 Resistors (all1/4-watt, +/-5% carbons): R1-R8 -1kilo-ohm R9 -2.2 kilo-ohm R10 -R11 10-kilo-ohm R12-R18 560 ohm VR1 -2-mega-ohm preset Capacitors: C1 -0.01microF, 35V electrolytic C2 0.1microF, 16V electrolytic C3 0.01microF, ceramic disk Miscellaneous: X1 -230V AC primary to 12V, 500mA Secondary transformer S1-S8 -push-to-on switch S9 push-to-off switch BELL -230V AC electric bell Details of various components used Figure:71.74LS373 Figure:8 2.74LS147 Figure:9 Figure:10 3.74LS30 Figure:11 Internal description of 74LS30 Figure:12 Figure:13 5.74LS04 Figure:14 Figure:15 6.74LS00 Figure:16 Figure:18 Figure:17 Figure:19 Figure:20 7. IC7447 Figure:20 8 .Transformer Figure:21 Laminated steel core Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high Permeability (electromagnetism) permeabilitysilicon steel. permeability many times that of free space, and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy-current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use. Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation.indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for the core to avoid saturation. The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude. Thinner laminations reduce losses, Thin laminations are generally used on high frequency transformers, with some types of very thin steel laminations able to operate up to 10  kHz. One common design of laminated core is made from interleaved stacks of pieces, leading to its name of E-I transformer.Such a design tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to manufacture. The cut-core or C-core type is made by winding a steel strip around a rectangular form and then bonding the layers together. It is then cut in two, forming two C shapes, and the core assembled by binding the two C halves together with a steel strap. They have the advantage that the flux is always oriented parallel to the metal grains, reducing reluctance. A steel cores means that it retains a static magnetic field when power is removed. When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high until the effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied alternating current. Over current protection devices such as must be selected to allow this harmless inrush to pass. On transformers connected to long, overhead power transmission lines, induced currents due to during can cause saturation of the core and operation of transformer protection devices. The transformer converts the 220 V AC into 9 V AC. The Bridge wave rectifier converts the ( V AC into rippled DC. This rippled DC is given as input to the 7805/7809 Voltage regulator IC. A separate power supply is given for the Stepper Motor which has the same power supply setup for converting the 220 V AC into 9V DC. The DC Power Supply circuit is based around the 7805 voltage regulator. It has only 3 connections (input, output and ground) and it provides a fixed output. The last two digits of the part number specify the output voltage, eg. 05, 06, 08, 10, 12, 15, 18, or 24. The 7800 series provides up to 1 amp load current and has on-chip circuitry to shut down the regulator if any attempt is made to operate it outside its safe operating area. (If this happens to you, let the chip cool down attach the heatsink.) It can be seen that there are in fact two separate circuits in this power supply. One 7805 is directly connected as a fixed 5V regulator. The second 7805 has a resistor divider network on the output. A variable 500 ohm potentiometer is used to vary the output voltage from a minimum of 5V up to the maximum DC voltage depending on the input voltage. It will be about 2V below the input DC voltage.) The capacitor across the output improves transient response. The large capacitor across the input is a filter capacitor to help smooth out ripple in the rectified AC voltage. The larger the filter capacitor the lower the ripple IC-7805 One can get a constant high-voltage power supply using inexpensive 3-terminal voltage regulators through some simple techniques described below. Depending upon the current requirement, a reasonable load regulation can be achieved. Line regulation in all cases is equal to that of the voltage regulator used. Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable voltage boost circuitry using ICs like LM 723, some advantages of the circuits presented below are: simplicity, low cost, and practically reasonable regulation characteristics. For currents of the order of 1A or less, only one zener and some resistors and capacitors are needed. For higher currents, one pass transistor such as ECP055 is needed. Before developing the final circuits, let us first understand the 3-terminal type constant voltage regulators. Let us see the schematic in Fig. where 78XX is a 3-terminal voltage regulator. Schematic for obtaining low-voltage regulated output using 3-terminal Figure:22 voltage regulators. Rectified and filtered unregulated voltage is applied at VIN and a constant voltage appears between pins 2 and 2 of the voltage regulator. *The distribution of two currents in the circuit (IBIAS and ILOAD) is as shown. It is highly recommended to use the two capacitors as shown. Electrically regulator will be at a distance from the rectifier supply. Thus, a tantalum grade capacitor of 5mf and rated voltage is good. Electrolytic capacitor is not suitable for it is poor in response to load transients, which have high frequency components.At the output side a 0.22mf disc ceramic capacitor is useful to eliminate spurious oscillations, which the regulator might break into because of its internal high gain circuitry. Figure:23 These voltage regulators have a typical bias current of 5 mA, which is reasonably constant. By inserting a small resistor Rx between pin 2 and ground, the output voltage in many cases. By this method voltage increment of 5 to 10 per cent is practically feasible. However, if a high-value resistance is used to obtain a higher output voltage, a slight variation in bias current will result in wide variation of the output voltage. 8. BC547 Transistor In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. Figure:24 Features à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ NPN Silicon Epitaxial Planar Transistors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ These transistors are subdivided into three groups A, B, and C according to their current gain. The type BC546 is available in groups A and B,n however, the types BC547 and BC548 can be supplied in all three groups. As complementary types the PNP transistors BC556BC558 are recommended. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On special request, these transistors are also manufactured in the pin configuration TO-18. Mechanical Data Case: TO-92 Plastic Package Weight: approx. 0.18g Packaging Codes/Options: E6/Bulk 5K per container, 20K/box E7/4K per Ammo mag., 20K/box Figure:25 9.Ceramic capacitor: These are the disk-type ceramic capacitors. Because the high frequency characteristic is good, these are used as the coupling capacitors (It cuts the direct current but it lets through the alternating current. Figure:26 10.Electrolytic Capacitor: This capacitor is used as the ripple filter capacitor of the power circuit. There is polarity. So, be careful so as not to make a mistake when mounting it. Figure:27 Electrolyte Capacitor Figure:28 Metallised Polyester Film Capacitors With tolerance of 10%. Operating temperature -40oC to +85oC. Compact Size Non Inductive Design 11.RESISTANCE Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms ( -). All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjusteknob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is  ±5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below. COLOURS CODE Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Grey 8 White 9 Figure:29 The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives tolerance (gold  ±5%, silver  ± 10%, No colour  ± 20%). In variable resistors, we have the dial type of resistance boxes. There is a knob with a metal pointer. This presses over brass pieces placed along a circle with some space b/w each of them. Resistance coils of different values are connected b/w the gaps. When the knob is rotated, the pointer also moves over the brass pieces. If a gap is skipped over, its resistance is included in the circuit. If two gaps are skipped over, the resistances of both together are included in the circuit and so on. 12.The 555 TIMER Description The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With an astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. Figure:30 Features à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High Current Drive Capability (200mA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adjustable Duty Cycle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Temperature Stability of 0.005%/ ½Ã‚ °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timing FromÃŽÂ ¼Sec to Hours à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Turn off Time Less Than 2ÃŽÂ ¼Sec Applications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Precision Timing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pulse Generation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time Delay Generation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sequential Timing Pin Description of 555 Timer Figure:31 Power supply: Pin 8 is used to connect the positive power supply (Vs) to the 555. This can be any voltage between 3V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs. Pin 1 is the 0V connection to the power supply. Trigger and Reset Inputs: Pin 2 is called the trigger input as it is this input that sets the output to the high state. Pin 4 is called the reset input as it is this input that resets the o/p to the low state. Both pins may be connected to push buttons to control the operation of the 555.Sometimes the reset input is not used in a circuit, in which case it is connected directly to Vs to that unwanted resetting cant occur. Threshold and discharge: Pins 6 and7 (and sometimes the Trigger i/p, pin2) are used to set up the timing aspect of the 555 IC. They are normally connected to a combination of resistors and a capacitor. Offset: Pin 5 can be used to alter the timing aspect of the 555 IC in applications such as frequency modulation. Output: Pin 3 is the digital output of the 555.It can be connected directly to the inputs of other digitaICs, or it can control other devices Figure:32 When the low signal input is applied to the reset terminal, the timer output remains low regardless of the threshold voltage or the trigger voltage. Only when the high signal is applied to the reset terminal, the timers output changes according to threshold voltage and trigger voltage. When the threshold voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage while the timer output is high, the timers internal discharge Tr. turns on, lowering the threshold voltage to below 1/3 of the supply voltage. During this time, the timer output is maintained low. Later, if a low signal is applied to the trigger voltage so that it becomes 1/3 of the supply voltage, the timers internal discharge Tr. turns off, increasing the threshold voltage and driving the timer output again at high. Fig 33 :Monostable Operation Figure:34 Figure 34. illustrates a monostable circuit. In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever the trigger voltage falls below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the timer output is low, the timers internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the timer output to become high by charging the external capacitor C1 and setting the flip-flop output at the same time. The voltage across the external capacitor C1, VC1 increases exponentially with the time constant t=RA*C and reaches 2Vcc/3 at td=1.1RA*C. Hence, capacitor C1 is charged through resistor RA. The greater the time constant RAC, the longer it takes for the VC1 to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the time constant RAC controls the output pulse width. When the applied voltage to the capacitor C1 reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the flip-flop, turning the discharging Tr. on. At this time, C1 begins to discharge and the timer output conver ts to low. In this way, the timer operating in the monostablerepeats the above process. Figure 10 shows the general waveforms during the monostable operation. It must be noted that, for a normal operation, the trigger pulse voltage needs to maintain a minimum of Vcc/3 before the timer output turns low. That is, although the output remains unaffected even if a different trigger pulse is applied while the output is high, it may be affected and the waveform does not operate properly if the trigger pulse voltage at the end of the output pulse remains at below Vcc/3 Fig 35 :Astable operation An astable timer operation is achieved by adding resistor RB to Figure 1 and configuring as shown on Figure 5. In the astable operation, the trigger terminal and the threshold terminal are connected so that a self-trigger is formed, operating as a multi vibrator. When the timer output is high, its internal discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 increases by exponential function with the time constant (RA+RB)*C. When the VC1, or the threshold voltage, reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high, resetting the F/F and causing the timer output to become low. This in turn turns on the discharging Tr. and the C1 discharges through the discharging channel formed by RB and the discharging Tr. When the VC1 falls below Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high and the timer output becomes high again. The discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 rises again. In the above process, the section where the timer output is high is the time it takes for the VC1 to rise from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3, and the section where the timer output is low is the time it takes for the VC1 to drop from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3. When timer output is high, the equivalent circuit for charging capacitor C1 is as follows Fig 36 :Astable operation Waveform 12.Diode The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type semiconducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material (cathode) and the negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a large current will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased. If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the state of electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there will be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased. Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other half cycle (reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into pulsating dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in the circuit to control the voltage. Figure:37 Some common diodes are:- 1. Zener diode. 2. Photo diode. 3. Light Emitting diode. ZENER DIODE:- A zener diode is specially designed junction diode, which can operate continuously without being damaged in the region of reverse break down voltage. One of the most important applications of zener diode is the design of constant voltage power supply. The zener diode is joined in reverse bias to d.c. through a resistance R of suitable value. PHOTO DIODE:- A photo diode is a junction diode made from photo- sensitive semiconductor or material. In such a diode, there is a provision to allow the light of suitable frequency to fall on the p-n junction. It is reverse biased, but the voltage applied is less than the break down voltage. As the intensity of incident light is increased, current goes on increasing till it becomes maximum. The maximum current is called saturation current. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):- When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to recombination of electrons and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a light emitting diode or LED. LIST OF INSRUMENTS TOOLS TOOLS: Soldering Iron Tweezers Screw Driver Cutter De Soldering Pump INSTRUMENTS: Digital Multimeter OTHER MATERIALS: Solder Flux De Soldering Wick Soldering Iron Stand Image of project Figure:38 Applications: 1.Electronic Jam Is Commonly Used In Quiz Contests Figure:39 2.Finger First Is The Basic Principle 3.It Adds Beauty To Active Quiz Shows Contains Many Buzzer Rounds 4.Inputs Can Be Handle At A Time Figure:40 5.Uses Seven Segment Display Instead of LED/bulb For Visual Interface 6.This Electronic Jam Is Built With The View Of Making The Game Show Priority Less Advantages: Handy device Low power consumption More accurate Easy to use Visual interface adds its advantage Disadvantages: Input is limited to eight. Future scope: Instead of Seven Segment display LCD screens can be implemented Priority list of all inputs can be imparted in Output Conclusion: Project Aims the Implemenatation of Electonic Jam for making Quiz shows priority Less Seven Segment display included for more User nterface Cost of Project: S.No. Component Quantity Cost 1. IC74373 1 60 2. IC 555 1 30 3. IC 7430 1 60 4. IC 7447 1 35 5. IC 74147 1 65 6. IC7400 1 24 7. IC7404 1 20 8. Transistor 1 3 9. Diode 2 4 10. 7 segment display 1 20 11. Transformer 1 40 12. Ceramic Capacitor 2 4 13. Electrolytic Capacitors 1 5 14. Resistor 18 40 15. PCB designing 600 16. Misc(Solder wire, connecting wire, Connectors etc) 200 Total 1210