What Is Constitution Day in the United States

Constitution Day – also called Citizenship Day is a U.S. federal government observance that honors the creation and adoption of the United States Constitution and all persons who have become U.S. citizens, through birth or naturalization. It is usually observed on September 17, the day in 1787 that the Constitution was signed by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania’s Independence Hall. When Constitution Day falls on a weekend or on another holiday, schools and other institutions typically observe the holiday on an adjacent weekday. On September 17, 1787, forty-two of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention held their final meeting. After four long, hot months of debates and compromises, like The Great Compromise of 1787, only one item of business occupied the agenda that day, to sign the Constitution of the United States of America. Since May 25, 1787, the 55 delegates had gathered almost daily in the State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation as ratified in 1781. By the middle of June, it became apparent to the delegates that to merely amend the Articles of Confederation would not be sufficient. Instead, they would write an entirely new document designed to clearly define and separate the powers of the central government, the powers of the states, the rights of the people and how the representatives of the people should be elected. After being signed in September of 1787, Congress sent printed copies of the Constitution to the state legislatures for ratification. In the months that followed, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay would write the Federalist Papers in support, while Patrick Henry, Elbridge Gerry, and George Mason would organize the opposition to the new Constitution. By June 21, 1788, nine states had approved the Constitution, finally forming a more perfect Union. No matter how much we argue about the details of its meaning today, in the opinion of many, the Constitution signed in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787, represents the greatest expression of statesmanship and compromise ever written. In just four hand-written pages, the Constitution gives us no less than the owners manual to the greatest form of government the world has ever known. The Convoluted History of Constitution Day Public schools in Iowa are credited with first observing a Constitution Day in 1911. The Sons of the American Revolution organization liked the idea and promoted it through a committee that included such notable members as Calvin Coolidge, John D. Rockefeller, and World War I hero General John J. Pershing. The Constitution Town—Louisville, Ohio Proudly calling itself â€Å"Constitution Town,† Louisville, Ohio credits one of its residents for getting Constitution Day recognized as a national holiday. In 1952, Louisville resident Olga T. Weber submitted a petition asking city officials to establish Constitution Day to honor the creation of the Constitution. In response, Mayor Gerald A. Romary proclaimed that September 17 would be observed as Constitution Day in Louisville. In April 1953, Weber successfully petitioned the Ohio General Assembly to have Constitution Day observed statewide.   In August 1953, U.S. Rep. Frank T. Bow, crediting Ms. Weber and Mayor Romary for their efforts, asked the U.S. Congress to make Constitution Day a national holiday. Congress passed a joint resolution designating September 17-23 as Constitution Week nationwide, with President Dwight D. Eisenhower signing it into law. On April 15, 1957, the Louisville city council officially declared the city, Constitution Town. Today, four historical markers donated by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society detailing Louisvilles role as the originator of Constitution Day stand at the main entrances to the city. Congress recognized the day as â€Å"Citizenship Day† until 2004, when an amendment by West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd to the Omnibus spending bill of 2004, renamed the holiday â€Å"Constitution Day and Citizenship Day.† Sen. Byrd’s amendment also required all government-funded schools and federal agencies, provide educational programming on the United States Constitution on the day. In May 2005, the United States Department of Education announced the enactment of this law and made it clear that it would apply to any school, public or private, receiving federal funds of any kind. Where Did ‘Citizenship Day’ Come From? The alternate name for Constitution Day – â€Å"Citizenship Day† – comes from the old â€Å"I am an American Day.† â€Å"I am an American Day† was inspired by Arthur Pine, the head of a publicity-public relations firm in New York City bearing his name. Reportedly, Pine got the idea for the day from a song titled â€Å"I am an American† featured in the New York World’s Fair in 1939. Pine arranged for the song to be performed on the NBC, Mutual, and ABC national TV and radio networks. The promotion so impressed President Franklin D. Roosevelt, declared â€Å"I am an American Day† an official day of observance. In 1940, Congress designated each third Sunday in May as â€Å"I am an American Day.† Observance of the day was widely promoted in 1944 – the last full year of World War II -- through a 16-minute Warner Brothers’ film short titled â€Å"I Am an American,† shown in theaters across America. However, by 1949, all of the then 48 states had issued Constitution Day proclamations, and on February 29, 1952, Congress moved the â€Å"I am an American Day† observation to September 17 and renamed it â€Å"Citizenship Day.†Ã‚   Constitution Day Presidential Proclamation Traditionally, the President of the United States issues an official proclamation in observance of Constitution Day, Citizenship Day, and Constitution Week. The most recent Constitution Day proclamation was issued by President Barack Obama on September 16, 2016. In his 2016 Constitution Day Proclamation, President Obama stated, â€Å"As a Nation of immigrants, our legacy is rooted in their success. Their contributions help us live up to our founding principles. With pride in our diverse heritage and in our common creed, we affirm our dedication to the values enshrined in our Constitution. We, the people, must forever breathe life into the words of this precious document, and together ensure that its principles endure for generations to come.†

White Collar Criminals - 826 Words

Is jail time necessarily a true deterrent to white-collar criminals? Why or why not? Give examples, with explanations supporting your examples. The judicial system supports the behaviors of making an individual a repeat offender. The prosecution process is flawed when punishing criminals for their crimes. White-collar crimes may not appear to be taken as seriously as other crimes, (i.e., murder, rape, armed robbery, etc.) so the jail sentencing will not be as impactful. This action sends the message to criminals that with softer criminal tactics, they will not do hard time. According to the text, â€Å"Jail time does not offer amicable solution, because in most times the intended offense is not prosecuted† (Lilly, Cullen Ball, 2011). For instance, a politician gives a bribe to secure a license for a given business venture. This business venture affects the environment making it probable for life threatening risks of the affected population. At the end the politician will be charged against corruption instead of murder. Deterrence and rehabilitation are the best mechanisms to protecting societal interests as opposed to jail time. 2. How does â€Å"organizational culture† contribute to white-collar crime? Give examples, with explanations supporting your examples. Formal organizations who are increasingly getting involved with white-collar crime, are aimed at achieving organizational goals. Organizational culture is embodied with the structures of the organization in its wakeShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crimes And Criminal Offences1238 Words   |  5 PagesScams, price fixing, wiring accounts, fraud of all sorts, etc are all types of white-collar crimes. Not all crimes that are committed are even performed by the Chief Financial Officer. It has become more accessible, to commit these crimes, with the mass amounts of internet and cellular towers available. While the amount of electronic devices have increased so has the amount of cybercrimes. White collar crimes are criminal offences, formed from plans to rob from companies. There have been many in theRead MoreCriminal Theories On White Collar Crime962 Words   |  4 Pagesthis assignment, you will examine the various criminal theories that were discussed in the reading. In a page or two, exp lain which theories best explain white collar crime. The Strain Theory does a suitable but not a great job of explaining white collar crime. Therefore, in the Strain Theory it talks about the contextual anomie/ strain theory. while examining this theory, I discovered it to be the most compelling in our constant battle with white collar and corporate crimes. Ever, since the beginningRead MoreHow Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White Collar and Corporate Crime?2543 Words   |  11 PagesHOW DOES THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM RESPOND TO WHITE COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME? White-collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and is a cross-border problem. White-collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public associate crime with street crimes such as robbery, burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged persons who enjoy an elevated socialRead MoreA White Collar Criminal s Social Position Should Not Determine The Length, Term And Type Of Punishment1522 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Should Set You Free A white-collar criminal’s social position should not determine the length, term and type of punishment. The circumstance and type of white-collar crime should influence state and federal officials on the punishment. Some high profile crimes have been thoroughly planned and taken years or decades to execute. More than likely, the people that have planned and executed these crimes can detect the patterns and signs of similar crimes when presented with information orRead MoreThe For White Collar Criminals1704 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be of impeccable character that will be emulated by those below them and be admirable. Actions such as corruption, unaccountability and so much more are bad apples in the organization and should be eliminated through punishments for white collar criminals. An example is Cornelius Vanderbilt who made fortunes through steamships and railroads for being such great leader to be an icon to the insiders and outsiders of his firm. Daniel also says that main decision making is to be done by these corporateRead MoreThe Impact Of Law On White Collar Criminals Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagesmany deviant acts that are considered criminal or non-criminal behavior. White- collar crimes are considered a form of deviant behavior. These crimes rank among the various forms of crime existing within the context of society. According to Fredericks, McComas and Weatherby (2016), white-collar crime encompasses the nonviolent criminal activities committed for monetary gain within the financial situations. Therefore, as part of the criminal realms, white-collar crimes have a likely reason and courseRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Criminal Behavior1534 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, many academics have proposed various theories to help comprehend and explain criminal behaviours. These theories investigate many different aspects of the causations of crime and those at risk of criminal behaviour. White collar crime is a term founded less than a century ago within 1939 by Edwin Sutherland. He identified white collar crime as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (Hirschi, 1987, pg 953). SutherlandRead MoreWhite-Collar Crime and Criminals Essay2718 Words   |  11 Pages There are many definitions of white-collar crime. (Edelhertz, 1970) White-collar crime - â€Å"An illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by nonphysical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage.† (Edelhertz, 1970) White-collar crime are crimes can be committed by: â€Å"persons working on an individual basis for personal gain in a non-business situation (personal crimes); crimesRead MoreEthical Issues Surrounding Taking Donations from White-Collar and Corporate Criminals599 Words   |  2 Pagesguilty of having committed a white-collar crime were to make a donation to my organization I would come across an ethical dilemma when trying to decide whether or not I should accept it. The right thing to do, when regarding things from a point of view involving the contemporary social system, would be to refuse this donation, as this would turn the respective individual into a Robin-Hood-type person who is actually concerned about other peoples wellbeing. The criminal would improve his public imageRead More The Tragedy of White-Collar Crime Essay examples932 Words   |  4 Pagesdownturn forced society to ask question not normally asked. The reality that there are criminal who has assessed too many people retirement and investment is a shocking and alarming to the non-professional investor. When someone is in a legitimate occupation and committing, an illegal act is a white-collar crime. â€Å"To be more concise white - collar crime is define as any illegal act, punishable by a criminal sanction, that is committed in the courses of a legitimate occupation or pursuit by

Managing operations free essay sample

Competitions with Tesco express located at St. Johns Wood are not really competitive. Local shops are most near them and comparing local shops with Tesco, it is not a big competition. Also, Sainsbury’s and Marks Spencer, both of them located far away from Tesco, few blocks away. Tesco busiest hours are always the lunch hours when people nearer Tesco go buy lunch deal. Except for weekends, they’ll go to Tesco when they need or want something or when they are passing by. (‘They’ is referring to customers. ) Tesco in St. Johns Wood open at 7am every day except on Sunday, Tesco starts at 11am. Then on Monday to Friday, Tesco close at 9pm where as on Saturday, 8pm and Sunday at 5pm. Core business Here, the staffs are very focus on the customers; staffs have to understand customers and fulfil on the customers’ needs. Among the staffs; the staffs have to put a great teamwork to make d store clean, acceptable and relax. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing operations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also have to respect each other since Tesco welcomes women to work in Tesco, gender diversity. What Tesco does is to improve the highly value brand, making their own products so the profit will go to them not to other suppliers. Also to build teams to create more value and that is why staffs are hired more here. Below, fig1. 1, is a business model of Tesco: Light blue is the core activities Grey is the virtuous volume circle Lastly, the dark blue indicates the enablers Fig 1. 1 the core business model of Tesco The dark blue indicates the outdoor activities where customers can see what the staffs are doing through the price; innovating their offer, or buy showing all their products build by Tesco and etc. The grey colour indicates how Tesco going to plan their business, e. g. If the specific product is on peak, they going to start selling it more. Lastly, the light blue indicates the core activities, they sell, they buy, they move and they insight their products. Our focus of doing this report is to look at the objectives, strategic rate, operation design, location and layout and managing inventory. 2. The Transformation Model for TESCO Figure: 1. 2 the Transformation Process. Tesco is the UKs most successful and one of the world’s leading retailer, its provide good quality products and services at a cheap cost compare to its competitor such as Sainsbury and Waitrose. Like all other business the company follows’ three stages of the transformation model. According to Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011), the transformation model describes how an organisation of any category transforms its inputs into outputs. The three stages are namely input, transformation process and output. Input Input in a business are resources such as people, material or finance put into a system, which is then transformed so that desired output can be obtained. Here, Tesco’s input are the products and services that are being offered in the store. Inputs are of two types’ namely transformed resources and transforming resources. The transformed resources include materials, physical goods and products that are offered to customers, information etc. and transforming resources such as employees that provide services and help the customer in the store and equipment that helps in processing the physical goods all the way to check out etc. Transformation Here all the transformation takes place such as creation of product, from input of resources to packaging the finished goods and putting it in the shelves of the store. Also, Information acquired through club card and from other sources is processed in this stage to provide the help and offering the customer according to their needs. Output Output is the final goods and services produced and delivered by Tesco for the consumption to the customer. Product goods and services are delivered according to customer’s order. These orders are delivered on time in order to retain loyal customers and a good customer service is provided to attract new customer. Once the customers are Satisfied with product/service it can be considered that the transformation process has been successful. 3.4 V’s analysis of Tesco expresses’ operations. Although all operations are similar in the way they transform products and services, they always differ in a number of ways, Four of which are particularly important for an effective analysis. L H H L H L H L TESCO EXPRESS – PANZEER – The diagram above allows us to compare the Tesco express store, in St johns wood, with one of its closest competitors Panzeer , a small grocery store, in terms of production and how they serve their customers. Volume is â€Å"the level or rate of output from a process, a key characteristic that determines process behaviour. † (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16). When analysing Tesco expresses’ volume we generally imply it to size, specialisation, unit costs and systemization. Tesco express stores are a lot smaller than the hypermarkets or the supermarkets and can not potentially hold as much stock or have the same amount of customers coming in daily. They average a size of 200 square metres. However compared to panzeer,a much smaller grocery store perhaps half its size, tesco express entails a higher degree of systemization as it has each member of staff specialising in different tasks such as ordering stock, operating the till, unpacking the stock, refilling store shelves e.tc. A Staff member at panzeer would perform 2 or more of these jobs. Variety is â€Å"the range of different products and services produced by a process, a key characteristic that determines process behaviour. † (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16). Tesco hypermarkets can store a huge range of products from electricals, clothing, health and beauty and entertainment. In terms of variety once again Tesco express stores a much smaller, less complex range of products than the hypermarkets/supermarkets. They tend to store mainly food with an emphasis on higher-margin products alongside everyday essentials. A very small part can be some health and beauty and magazines to match customer needs whereas panzeer s variety would be less flexible and more standardized on essentials such as milk, water, bread, dairy products, alcoholic beverages and canned food. Variation in Demand is the â€Å"the degree of which the rate or level of output varies from a process over time, a key characteristic in determining process behaviour. † (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16) Both stores as whole have a low variation in demand meaning that theyre demand is relatively stable throught the day, week and year. Their operations system consists more of a rountine . Tesco express may experience a slightly higher variation in demand for its products as theyre can be good and bad seasons for purchasing fruits in the year, it is an extremely well known and brand with a sensitive reputation that can be influenced and it operates more competitively than panzeers. However, demand will only be greatly affected by external influences out of their control. Visibility is â€Å"the amount of value added activity that takes place in the presence of the customer also called customer contact.† (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16) Tesco expresse’s operations are somewhat hidden from its customers when it comes to its shifting and handling of stock in storage rooms, bakery for fresh croissants, bread and cookies, and a staff room. At panzeers, some of the internal operations are exposed to customers as there is a smaller space for carrying out its stock handling. The staff Do not really need customer c ontact skills as they are more self service machines than till operators, however the staff may need to help and advice customers on using the machine. Another factor is that in both stores there is a short time-lagg between customers choosing the goods they want and retrieving them which slightly suggests they are more visible. 4. Performance Objectives Fig 1. 3 5 performance objectives of Tesco using polar diagram The success of Tesco is not only measured financially but also its operation effectiveness. The 5 performance objective will help to determine the current status of the Tesco store. Tesco’s best performance objectives are the Flexibility and the Dependability. With the big variety of choices Tesco are always able to satisfy all kind of customer demand. With their promotions for the new launched products they are providing a great value to the customers. That proves the good flexibility objectives of the company. Dependability Other really significant Performance Objective is Dependability. Tesco always provides great amount of stock in all of their stores. With their own delivery services and having deliveries in all parts of the day a customer can be always satisfied with the needed goods. The size of the stores is according to the place where the particular store is positioned and they are always big enough to cover the amount of customers going thru the shop. With the exact number of tills they are able to serve many customers and that also improves the speed as a performance objective. Cost Cost is also one of the characteristics for Tesco. They are able to provide low costs to the customer by cutting down to minimum some of the unnecessary costs, such as cleaning expenses and for example making more self-service tills to reduce the expenses for stuff salaries. Other very important reason for the low costs is the lower quality of the products. Quality Quality is not the most significant Performance Objective. They don’t rely on the highest standards of quality of products and customer service. This is why Tesco is very competitive on cost. The price per unit is lower because they rely on the huge quantity of demand and not so much on higher quality and more expensive products. The stores of Tesco are clean and tidy but on the level of answering the standards and nothing above that point. Speed Speed is an important performance objective that is needed to keep in check if the business wants to their satisfied customer. According to slack (2007), Speed means the elapsed time between customers requesting products or services and their receipt of them. The St. Johns Wood store tries to minimize the time of the customer as there is staff are always there in the counter while other quickly re shelve the stock the needed. It is strongly believed that the faster customer can have service, the more likely they are to spend in the store and buy the product thus allowing making more profit while keeping the customer satisfied. Moreover, They also have equipped themselves with two self-service machines in order to avoid wasting customers valuable time queuing in store just in case if the store gets busy. Flexibility Here, flexibility mean being able to change and adapt to the situation according to the needs and offering substitutes when needed. It can be in either in terms of product or services in the store. This is an important performance objective for Tesco as it means making sure that the new product in the market are made available and filling the stock even when the supply is scarce so that the customer expectation is met. Also if one product is not available, making sure that a substitute product is provided. Tesco also takes measure to deal with the sophisticated demand of shuffling checkout queues. The store encourages flexibility programme such that allows employees to work for longer time thus benefiting customer by allow them to receive more satisfactory services also increase the speed of operation. Flexibility is also influenced by market changes and advancement and by competitors. Therefore, it can be noticed that flexibility affect the speed of operation in the and also improves the dependability. Tesco has enjoyed a substantial profit margin in the past years because of the cost and the flexibility that it offers which meets the consumer demand and also their unique design and quality of the manufacturing processes that produce their own brand product. Moreover, their strategy of â€Å"pile it high and sell it cheap† gives them competitive advantage. Here, looking at all the objective it can notice that each of these 5 performance objective are interlinked with each other. If the balance of one is disturbed, it affects rest of the 4 characteristics. Therefore it is essential that the store should try keeping and maintaining a balance for all of it. 5. Design The purpose of design is to satisfy customers. Design for a company is so important for many reasons, some of them being ; it helps businesses connect with the customers, having the right design helps boost sales ‘companies that were effective users of design had financial performances 200% betterthen average’ (Quoted from Lecture 3 Slide) etc. The design of Tesco St Johns wood is perfectly developed to be the most comfortable for the customers and the staff to be able to serve them. You can see the floor plan of this particular store in (appendix 1) In order to find out which design is right for the business there has to be a lot of research done. A normal procedure that would be undertaken is: 1. Generate and develop ideas from both internal (employees, market research, etc. ) and ex ternal (customers) sources. 2. Screening ideas – helps to rule out ideas which seem not to have potential 3. Feasibility Study – carry out more research into the remaining ideas e. g uniqueness of idea, selling price 4. Preliminary Design and Development – involves developing the best design for the new idea 5. Testing Prototypes a model of the actual design that is tested before actually making the real one 6. Market Sensing and testing target markets – finding out if customers would actually like this design? 7. Final design – make any changes necessary to the initial design 8. The Decision – the head office decides whether to go ahead or not with the design 6. Concept The concept of the Tesco we are doing is the mini market. Tesco have been allocated with different sizes, for example, Tesco extra, Tesco metro and Tesco express. The Tesco in St. Johns Wood is the Tesco express that we are specifically look at. They are selling not much product as compare to the bigger Tesco’s as mentioned before. They are just selling the necessities for daily life such as snacks, desserts, drinks, lunch meals, laundry powder etc. Below is a diagram of a concept screening: Basically, what can be explained through the diagram is the concept on our Tesco in St. Johns Wood using right now. Is it feasibility? Can it be accepted? And what are the downsides of that concept? So, in order to know the answers, they have to invest something to control the difficulty, to see the consequences of returning the item and looking at the risk on what will happen to the Tesco. If all of them are answered, evaluate everything to make it a little bit pack and neat.

Marine Insurance Associate Business Production

Question: Describe about the Marine Insurance for Associate Business Production. Answer: Introduction Protection and indemnity insurance (PI) is one of the types of insurance in mutual maritime that is offered by a club of PI. It is provided by the club members to cover the open- ended risks that the traditional insurers were not interested to provide to the ship owners like marine insurance and cargo cover. PI provide the protection and reimbursement for the liability of the ship owners including the coverage of non- commercial or non- financial losses arises from the ship operation (Pearson and Doe 2015). This insurance class has been formed to provide the financial safety net, additional assistance to deal with the claimants and loss challengers and to provide more powers to balance the potential hardships. Initially, the British ship owners formed the club in the 18th century, which was set up in each case from the different geographical area. Further, during the year 1855 the ship owners formed the association for protection known as Ship owners Mutual Protection Society. The as sociation was formed to operate like marine insurance club in order to cover the liabilities, financial loss, non- financial loss including the loss of life (Depr, Reniers and Zamparini 2016). Discussion Purpose and Function of Ship owners PI Club One of the major purposes of the PI Club is to cover the liabilities of the ship owners that the traditional insurers were not able to cover. The club was formed to operate on the basis of mutual agreements as well as on non- profit basis to meet the claims of losses incurred by the ship owners (Smith 2015). The members of the association aimed to call and collect the money every financial year in order to meet the costs and expenses of operating the association business activities including the amount of claims related to each of the year. Initially, there were thirteen clubs of PI co-operating in the two significant areas for sharing the amount of claims among each other as well as buying the reinsurance based on the collection. Such activities assist the association to provide cover on loss incurred by the ship owners more than it was offered in the commercial market (Gandorfer, Hartwich and Bitsch 2015). Additionally, the association was formed to perform with the common interest with respect to the legislations, principles of the shipping contracts and other regulatory frameworks to provide the insurance activities. The PI club functions to provide the insurance to ship owners for the liabilities that include the loss of life or personal injury to the seamen, third parties or to the passengers (Zhu and Zhang 2015). The purpose of the association is to provide coverage the liabilities for stowaways or people saved at the sea and the liabilities with respect to the collisions and groundings. Another purpose of the PI club is provide coverage on the liabilities or loss from the damage to the fixed as well as floating articles, liabilities from the pollution or liabilities from the wreck removal. The purpose and functions of the PI association includes the insurance on liability and loss to the cargo of the ship owners (Davies 2015). The activities of the club involve the reimbursement for the loss due to oil spills including the services of finding the experts or contractors for the legal advice and payment of claims. With respect to the oil pollution or oil spills the club of PI undertook the activities of insurance guarantor considering the regulations of Oil Pollution Act as well as in accordance with the Civil Liability Convention Certificate. Apart from that, the function of PI association al so functions as a source of funds because many ship owners are not able to afford the required funds to get over with loss from pollution or other hardships (Sarrabezoles, Lasserre and Hagouagnrin 2016). Types of PI Cover Protection and indemnity insurance club provides number of cover to the ship owners along with the coverage of financial loss. The principles types of risks that the association covers include the protection and reimbursement to the third party, ship owners and operators for loss during the hardships. Coverage of liabilities for the loss of personal injury is provided under PI association to the ship owners including the passengers and third parties. Another type of cover that PI club provides is against the liabilities of illness or death of ship members, passengers as well as to other people (Zhu and Zhao 2015). The type of insurance PI that the association provides is to cover the loss or damage on cargo at the higher levels in comparison to the commercial market level. Wreck removal is another type of protection and indemnity cover provided by the association, which requires the mobility of huge units that includes the cranes, sheer legs, pull barges etc. It was said that the man y coastal areas that requires a removal of wrecked vessel cause harm to the environment, ship owners as well the parties hence it is important to include the insurance for its loss (Jaspersen and Richter 2015). The cover or reimbursement provided by the PI association includes to indemnify the loss arises from the pollution that affects the environment on the part of crew owners and other passengers. The association provides cover to protect the owners of the ship with respect to the collision that results in death, injury and other loss to the crewmembers including the salvage issues (Andeobu, Hettihewa and Wright 2015). The association of protection and indemnity formed to cover the liabilities arising from the damages on dock and liabilities of fines or penalties from the operation of the ships. The association provides cover on these losses and liabilities that affect the ship owners with respect to the commercial loss and personal loss. Other covers that include in the services of protection and indemnity are the protection from the salvage operations and loss due to oil spills that insures the tankers trading at international level. The services extend to cover the excess expenditures proposed to be incurred or incurred in relation to the several ship operations and management (Gandorfer, Hartwich and Bitsch 2015). Importance of PI clubs to ship owners Shipping industry is one of the most critical industries that involve three essential components like ships, seamen as well as cargo. All the three components of the shipping industry involve the element of risk with respect to transporting the bulk of cargo on the ship operated by the seamen. The risk involved in the shipping industry affects the financial factors and personal factors of the ship owners, crewmembers as well as other people (Sarrabezoles, Lasserre and Hagouagnrin 2016). Further, before the association of protection and indemnity insurance the traditional insurers involved in the marine insurance were unable and unwilling to consider therefore the PI association had been formed to protect the liabilities of the ship owners. It is evident that the service in the shipping industry involves the risk of personal life along with the monetary loss if the ship meets with an accident or due to any natural disaster (Clarke et al. 2015). On the contrary, the risk of loss of life is involved with the seamen and passengers as well if the ship is in the service of transferring the passengers. Hence, it is important to protect the loss arise from such disasters in the shipping service apart from the coverage of financial service. Hence, the association by the members of shipowners has been formed to provide protection and reimbursement for the loss and liabilities due to collision, wreck removal, pollution and other damages (Andeobu, Hettihewa and Wright 2015). The clubs of PI provides protection to the ship owners not only with respect to the loss or damages but also assist in generating the required funds as well as the legal advisors. Many ship owners experience the problems in accumulating the necessary funds to get over the problems with the oil spills, pollution, collusion or such other disasters. Accordingly, the PI clubs provide assistance in raising the funds to the ship owners required to overcome for such dama ges. In addition to this, PI clubs is important since it provides assistance as an insurance guarantor for several disparities that ship owners requires to solve the issues from several damages (Palma 2015). Conclusion Considering the huge risk element in the shipping industry, it can be said that the prospective loss or damages to the ship owners is essential to be indemnified. Since the conventional insurers on marine insurance were not willing to protect the losses and damages to the ship owners therefore, the group of members formed a club to protect the ship owners in different ways. The clubs were formed to operate on mutual decisions as well as providing the services without the intention of earning profit. The primary objective of the clubs to provide services based on the monetary issues, loss from personal injuries and providing the experts for legal advice. The service in the shipping industry is critical and involves issues in connection to the environmental pollution, stowaways, damage to cargo or dock that involve loss of monetary and non- monetary loss. Therefore, the clubs had been formed to reimburse such losses to the ship owners for protecting the ship members and other people in connection with the shipping service. Another primary service that the PI clubs provides to benefit the ship owners with the smooth flow of funds required by the ship owners for several shipping service. Therefore, it can be concluded that the association of protection and indemnity insurance is important aspect of maritime insurance to protect the various functions conducted by the ship owners in the shipping service. Reference List Andeobu, L., Hettihewa, S. and Wright, C.S., 2015. Risk Management in the Extractive Industry: An Empirical Investigation of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,17(1), p.86. Clarke, D., de Nicola, F., Hill, R.V., Kumar, N. and Mehta, P., 2015. A Chat about Insurance: Experimental Results from Rural Bangladesh.Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy,37(3), pp.477-501. Davies, P., 2015. Nairobi Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, Turkey's Position and the Role of Insurers, The.Tur. Com. L. Rev. Online,1, p.9. Depr, E., Reniers, G.L. and Zamparini, L., 2016. 5. Multimodal transport insurances.Multimodal Transport Security: Frameworks and Policy Applications in Freight and Passenger Transport, p.64. Gandorfer, M., Hartwich, A. and Bitsch, V., 2015, May. Hail risk management in fruit production: anti-hail net versus hail insurance in Germany. InXVIII International Symposium on Horticultural Economics and Management 1132(pp. 141-146). Jaspersen, J.G. and Richter, A., 2015. The wealth effects of premium subsidies on moral hazard in insurance markets.European Economic Review,77, pp.139-153. Palma, D., 2015. Ensuring Insurance for Foster Care: Requiring Foster Parents to Obtain Liability Insurance to Cover Harm Done to Foster Children in their Care.Family Court Review,53(4), pp.663-675. Pearson, R. and Doe, H., 2015. Organizational Choice in UK Marine Insurance.Corporate Forms and Organisational Choice in International Insurance, p.47. Sarrabezoles, A., Lasserre, F. and Hagouagnrin, Z., 2016. Arctic shipping insurance: towards a harmonisation of practices and costs?.Polar Record,52(04), pp.393-398. Smith, M., 2015. In the Wake of the Montreal Convention: Why Maritime Law Should Abolish Limited Liability for Personal Injury and Death Claims.Austl. NZ Mar. LJ,29, p.36. Zhu, L. and Zhang, M.Z., 2015. Insuring Against Marine Pollution Liability: An International Perspective.J. Mar. L. Com.,46, pp.373-373. Zhu, L. and Zhao, Y.C., 2015. A feasibility assessment of the application of the Polluter-Pays Principle to ship-source pollution in Hong Kong.Marine Policy,57, pp.36-44.

What Is the Right Supply Chain

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History The Modern Olympic Games began in 1896, 1,503 years after the ancient Olympics were abolished. Held every four years- with a few exceptions (during  World War I  and  World War II)- these Games have brought camaraderie across borders and around the world. The athletes within each of these Olympic Games have undergone hardship and struggle. Some overcame poverty, while others overcame sickness and injury. Yet each gave their all and competed to see who was the fastest, strongest and best in the world. Discover the unique story of each of the Olympic Games. 1896 Athens Olympics The first Modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece during the first weeks of April 1896. The 241 athletes who competed represented only 14 countries and wore their athletic club uniforms instead of national uniforms. Of the 14 countries in attendance, eleven have officially been declared in awards records: Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.   1900 Paris Olympics The second Modern Olympic Games took place in Paris from May to October 1900 as part of the World Exhibition. The games were riddled with disorganization and were under-publicized. 997 athletes from 24 countries competed.   1904 St. Louis Olympics The  Games of the III Olympiad were held in St. Louis, Mo. from August to  September 1904. Due to tensions from the  Russo-Japanese War and complications in getting to the United States, only 62 of the 650 athletes who competed came from outside North America. Only  12 to 15 nations were represented.   Unofficial 1906 Athens Olympics Intended to reinvigorate interest in the Olympic Games after the 1900 and 1904 games yielded little fanfare, the Athens Games of 1906 were the first and only Intercalated Games, which had been meant to exist every four years (between regular Games) and only take place in Athens, Greece.  The president of the Modern Olympics declared the 1906 Games unofficial after the fact.   1908 London Olympics Originally slated for Rome, the fourth official Olympic Games was moved to London in the wake of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. These games were the first to feature an opening ceremony and considered the most organized yet.   1912 Stockholm Olympics The fifth official Olympic Games featured the use of electric timing devices and a public address system for the first time. Over 2,500 athletes competed representing 28 countries. These games are still heralded as one of the most organized to date.   The 1916 Olympics Due to rising tensions of World War I, the Games were canceled. They were originally scheduled for Berlin.   1920 Antwerp Olympics The VII Olympiad took place immediately after World War I, resulting in several countries decimated by the war not being able to compete. These Games marked the first appearance of the Olympic flag. 1924 Paris Olympics At the request and honor of retiring IOC president and founder  Pierre de  Coubertin, the  VIII Olympiad was held in his home city of Paris from May to July 1924. The first Olympic Village and Olympic Closing Ceremony marked new features of these Games.   1928 Amsterdam Olympics The IX Olympiad featured several new games, including gymnastics for women and mens track and field events, but most notably the IOC added the Olympics Torch and lighting ceremonies to the Games repertoire this year.  3,000 athletes from  46 countries participated.   1932 Los Angeles Olympics With the world currently experiencing the effects of the Great Depression, traveling to California for the X Olympiad seemed insurmountable, resulting in low response rates from countries invited. Domestic ticket sales also did poorly despite a small bump from celebrities who volunteered to entertain the crowds. Only 1,300 athletes participated, representing 37 countries.   1936 Berlin Olympics Without knowing Hilter would rise to power, the IOC awarded Berlin the Games in 1931.  This sparked international debate about boycotting the Games, but 49 countries ended up competing. These were the first televised games.   The Olympics in 1940 and 1944 Originally slated for  Tokyo, Japan, threats to boycott due to Japans war-mongering and Japans concern the Games would distract from their military goal led to the IOC  awarding  Helsinki, Finland the Games. Unfortunately, due to the outbreak of WWII in 1939, the games were canceled altogether. The IOC did not schedule a 1944 Olympic Games because of World War IIs continued devastation around the world.   1948 London Olympics Despite much debate over whether to continue the Games after World War II, the XIV Olympiad was held in London from July to August 1948 with a few post-war modifications. Japan and Germany, the aggressors of WWII, were not invited to compete. The Soviet Union, though invited, declined to participate.   1952 Helsinki Olympics The XV Olympiad in Helsinki, Finland saw the addition of the Soviet Union,  Israel, and the Peoples Republic of China to countries competing.  The Soviets set up their own Olympic Village for Eastern Bloc athletes and a feeling of east versus west mentality permeated the atmosphere of these Games.   1956 Melbourne Olympics These games were held in November and December as the first Games to take place in the Southern Hemisphere. Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon protest the Games because of Israels invasion of Egypt and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland boycotted because of the Soviet Unions invasion of Budapest, Hungary.   1960 Rome Olympics The XVII Olympiad in Rome returned the Games to their origin country for the first time in over 50 years due to the relocation of the 1908 Games. It was also the first time the Games were fully televised and the first time the Olympic Anthem was used. This was the last time South Africa was allowed to compete for 32 years (until apartheid ended).   1964 Tokyo Olympics The  XVIII Olympiad marked the first use of computers to keep results of competitions and the first games South Africa was barred from for its racist policy of apartheid.  5,000 athletes competed from 93 countries.  Indonesia and  North Korea did not participate.   1968 Mexico City The Games of the XIX Olympiad were marred by political unrest. 10 days before the Opening Ceremony,  the Mexican army shot over 1,000 student protestors, killing 267 of them. The Games continued with little comment on the issue, and during an award ceremony for winning Gold and Bronze for the 200-meter race, two U.S. athletes raised a single black-gloved hand in salute to the Black Power movement, resulting in being barred from the Games.   1972 Munich Olympics The XX Olympiad is most remembered for the Palestinian terrorist attack that resulted in the death of 11 Israeli athletes. Despite this, the Opening Ceremonies continued a day later than scheduled and 7,000 athletes from 122 countries competed.   1976 Montreal Olympics 26 African countries boycotted the XXI Olympiad due to New Zealand playing independent rugby games against still-apartheid South Africa in the years leading up to the 1976 Games.  Accusations (mostly unproven) were waged against several athletes suspected of using anabolic steroids to enhance performance. 6,000 athletes competed representing only 88 countries.   1980 Moscow Olympics The XXII Olympiad marks the first and only Games to take place in Eastern Europe.  65 countries boycotted the games due to the Soviet Unions war in Afghanistan.  An Olympic Boycott Games known as the Liberty Bell Classic was held at the same time in Philadelphia to host competitors from those countries who boycotted.   1984 Los Angeles Olympics In response to the United States boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games, the Soviet Union and 13  other countries boycotted the Los Angeles-based XXIII Olympiad.  These Games also saw the return of China for the first time since 1952.   1988 Seoul Olympics Angered that the IOC did not nominate them to co-host the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, North Korea attempted to rally countries in a boycott but only succeeded in convincing allies  Ethiopia, Cuba, and Nicaragua. These Games marked a return to their international popularity. 159 countries competed, represented by 8,391 athletes.   1992 Barcelona Olympics Because of a ruling in 1994 by the IOC to make the Olympic Games (including Winter Games) occur in alternating even-numbered years, this was the last year both Summer and Winter Olympic Games took place in the same year.  It was also the first since 1972 to be unaffected by boycotts.  9,365 athletes competed, representing 169 countries. Nations of the former Soviet Union joined under The Unified  Team consisting of 12 of the former 15 republics.   1996 Atlanta Olympics The XXVI Olympiad marked the centennial of the Games founding in 1896.  was the first to occur without government support, which led to a commercialization of the Games. A pipe bomb that exploded in  Atlantas Olympic Park killed two people, but motive and perpetrator were never determined. A record 197 countries and 10,320 athletes competed.   2000 Sydney Olympics Praised as one of the best games in Olympic history, the XXVII Olympiad played host to 199 countries and was relatively unaffected by the controversy of any type.  The United States earned the most medals, followed by Russia, China, and Australia.   2004 Athens Olympics Security and terrorism were at the center of preparation for the XXVIII Olympiad in Athens, Greece due to the rising international conflict in the wake of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.  These Games saw the rise of Michael Phelps, who earned 6 gold medals in swimming events.   2008 Beijing Olympics Despite protests for host Chinas actions in Tibet, the XXIX Olympiad continued as planned. 43 world and 132 Olympic records were set by 10,942 athletes representing 302 National Olympics Committees (countries organized into one represented team). Of those who competed in the Games, an impressive 86 countries medaled (earned at least one medal) at these Games.   2012 London Olympics Becoming the hosts with the most, Londons XXX Olympiad marked the most times a single city has hosted the Games (1908, 1948 and 2012).  Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time with additions from the year totaling 22 career Olympic medals. The United States earned the most medals, with China and Great Britain taking second and third place.   2016 Rio De Janeiro Olympics The XXXI Olympiad marked the first competition for new entrants  South Sudan, Kosovo, and the Refugee Olympic Team.  Rio is the first South American country to host the Olympic Games.  Instability of the countrys government, pollution of its bay, and a Russian doping scandal-marred preparation for the Games. The United States earned its 1,000th Olympic medal during these games and earned the most of the XXIV Olympiad, followed by Great Britain and China. Brazil finished 7th overall. 2020 Tokyo Olympics The IOC awarded Tokyo, Japan the XXXII Olympiad on September 7, 2013. Istanbul and Madrid were also up for candidacy. The games are scheduled to begin July 24 and end August 9, 2020.

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Research Proposal - Essay Example According to Leau et al. (2012), agile practices include Crystal methodology, dynamic software development method, feature-driven development, lean software development, scrum, and extreme programming. These practices could be integrated into the traditional software development life cycle to change how project are run instead of completely changing to the new methods. This would enable software developers take advantage of both methodologies. The purpose of this study is to identify how the agile practice could be integrated into traditional software development cycle instead of completely changing the cycle. The integration can be done in various ways whose difference depends on the type of practice. In the study, we will identify several agile practices as well as analyze how each one of them could be integrated to the cycle to achieve the purpose of the study. The study will have some limitations and delimitations based on the limited resources available for the research and the dynamic changes in the technology of software development. We will therefore use qualitative approach due to the limitation in the resources available for the research. This approach is economical and does not require many resources. Moreover, because of the dynamic nature of the agile practices, we will not be able to study all of them. In this study, we have planned to discuss only the above-mentioned six agile practices although there are some that have lately introduced. Another limitation of this study is the many ways in which agile practices could be integrated into the traditional software development life cycle. Because of these, we will not be able to cover all of them in this study. What will be covered in this study will be the main ways in which these integration could be done. Traditional as well as modern software development life cycle have

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example 20). Throughout the tenure of John F Kennedy, the nuclear arms race with the USSR and the Cold War remained his prime concerns. As a president and a statesman the spread of communism happened to be the point of focus for John F Kennedy and he considered the onus of wresting a containment of communism as the pivotal priority of the United States of America (Bose, 1998). What were the characteristics and ramifications of the containment strategy eschewed by Kennedy? Kennedy believed that Soviet Union was a potent and implacable enemy that aspired to spread its sway over the world in general and in the Western Hemisphere in particular. Thereby Kennedy laid emphatic stress on the need to maintain a balance of power against the Soviet Union even at the cost of curtailing other salient imperatives (Bose, 1998, p. 23). On the one side Kennedy’s containment doctrine envisaged to curtail the military threat posed by the Soviet Union to the allies and the United States and on the other side it intended to contain the Soviet influence owing to the political and economic ramifications of a possible spread of the communist doctrine (Bose, 1998)). Thereby, considering the military and politico-economic possibilities inherent in the expansion of Soviet influence, the crux of the Kennedy doctrine was to limit the spread of communism in countries across the world. ... The one salient theme of Kennedy’s containment doctrine was the assertion that as United States had the wherewithal and the capacity to influence and control events at the international level, thereby the nation must play a proactive role in actually doing so. Enunciate some of the international events and crisis situations that highlighted the implications of President Kennedy’s containment doctrine? Containment doctrine evinced multiple political and tactical ramifications during Kennedy’s tenure. Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion which involved the invasion of Cuba by a force of CIA trained Cuban exiles in 1961 (Higgins, 1987, p. 161). This invasion enjoyed an active encouragement and support from the Kennedy administration (Higgins, 1987). Sadly the entire force of the trained Cuban exiles was either killed or captured and Kennedy publicly owned the responsibility for the failure of this invasion (Higgins, 1987). The Bay of Pigs invasions illustrated the commitment of the Kennedy government to curtail the communist influence in the Western Hemisphere. The 1961 Berlin Crisis happened to be the last major politico-military confrontation between the USSSR and the US on the European soil that saw much diplomatic initiative on the part of Kennedy administration, in tandem with the salient containment doctrine. The Berlin crisis was initiated by the USSSR as it asked for an unconditional withdrawal of the Western forces from the West Berlin (Barnes, 2005, p. 194). This crisis culminated with the partition of Berlin and the erection of the Berlin Wall (Barnes, 2005, p. 195). In pursuance of his policy of containment, Kennedy responded to the Berlin Crisis by initiating a significant increase

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example According to the authors, the need is to establish a strong link between theory and practice in order to improve the supervision of students’ activities within the classroom. This article also relates to the subject of supervisory principles in education in a sense that it provides an effective framework for supervisors’ training which teachers can use to improve their supervision skills. The purpose of this article as mentioned by the authors is to identify the key empirical and theoretical considerations that should be able to support the need of effective training for educators and supervisors. The authors have explored the content of different training courses to know whether an appropriate model of supervision exists in the field of medicine or not. In this article, the authors argue that if there is no explanatory model in place for training, the training of supervisors should be based on relevant existing information about models of supervision and learning processes. This article is based primarily on the need to improve teacher efficacy and supervision in the education resource-room context. The objectives of the research were to prove the validity of the Gibson and Dembo Teacher Efficacy Scale in the special education context, as well as to examine the association between the use of instructional supervision and teacher efficacy. The authors of this article examined the relationship in order come up with the judgment about the strength of the relationship and its role in improving students’ learning. The article contains a good amount of information on the relationship between teacher efficacy and instructional supervision. In this article, the author discusses the importance of translating the principles of managing human behaviors and organizational activities into successful business practices. The main idea presented by the author is that the

Pay And Reward Management In Practice Management Essay

Pay And Reward Management In Practice Management Essay Introduction Before undertaking a critical analysis of collective and individual pay systems and how these systems have been affected by key socio- economic changes in Britain over the past thirty years, it is important to first define the meaning of pay, reward/ reward management, collectivism and individualism. From here the author will consider the key socio-economic factors that have influenced the change in practice and look at the development of reward management within the context of personal development. Pay, Reward, Collectivism and Individualism Pay is used to denote the wages, salaries or fees paid by employers in return for the provision of labour. (Hollinshead, Nicholls and Tailby, 1999, p. 332) The concept of reward has developed over the last twenty five years and has evolved from the concept of basic pay. Reward management involves the analysis and effective control of employee remuneration and covers salary and all benefits. It assesses the nature and extent of rewards and the way they are delivered as well as considering their effect on both the organisation and staff. (Cornwell website, 2007) Reward management therefore is a strategic pay control system, which is central both to the organisation and to the management of Human Resources within that organisation. The term Reward Management was coined by Armstrong and Murliss in 1988 and they and other scholars support the view that: Reward management is not just about money. It is also concerned with those non financial rewards which provide intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. ( Armstrong and Murliss, 1988, p.12) Collectivism or Collective Bargaining is the process of negotiation between unions and employers regarding the  terms and conditions of employment  of employees, and about the rights and responsibilities of trade unions. It is a process of rule making, leading to joint regulation. (Eurofound website, 2007). Collective Bargaining is fundamentally a representative process, in which Trade Unions, who represent the employee, negotiate with key organisational personnel i.e. managers, who represent the organisation, in order to reach agreement on the terms and conditions of employment. According to the WERS Report 2004 Inside the Workplace, collective bargaining is most prevalent in large organisations. The term Individualist, Performance Related Pay or Contingent Pay is the standard term used to describe schemes for providing financial rewards which are related to individual performance, competence, contribution or skill. (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005, p.231) Socio Economic Considerations Before delving into the detail of collectivism and individualism, it is important to look at the socio-economic changes that have taken place over the last thirty years. The rise of Thatcherism and the focus on the personal society and the concept of market forces have played a significant part in the changes to pay and reward within the workplace. The Thatcherist doctrine of the 1980s was heavily focussed on curbing the power of the Trade Unions. This she successfully achieved, but at some cost to certain elements of society. Although, still significant players, trade unions are not now as influential as they once were. For example, According to the findings of the WERS Report 2004 Inside the Workplace, the decrease in the number of Trade Union representatives (particularly within non public sector and small work places) between 1988 and 2004, has lead to a decline in collective power. Additionally, the report noted that pay issues were far less likely to be discussed in workplace consultative committees, if a Trade Representative was not present. Again, this demonstrates a move towards a new pay orthodoxy. Margaret Thatcher viewed market forces as a means to promote healthy businesses and expose the weaker ones, seeking to create an entrepreneurial society, with a focus on individual success and performance. This has been the prevalent idea since the mid 1980s and has influenced workers expectations of reward. (BCC website, 2004) The following extract from the Guardian, gives a helpful summary of the economic changes brought about under Thatcher:- The Conservative economic revolution of the 1980s casts a long shadow. It broke the power of organised labour, deregulated the economy and opened it up to global market forces. Geoffrey Howes 1981 austerity budget of public spending cuts and tax increases pitched Britain into mass unemployment and helped destroy the last vestiges of the post war welfare consensus. In 1978 there were 7.1 million employed in manufacturing, by 2008 that had fallen to 3 million. There has been no significant private investment in the de-industrialised regions. They have still not recovered their social fabric or productive economies and are now sustained by government spending. (The Guardian website, February 2010) There are four points to highlight from this quotation:- The rise of individual entrepreneurialism The reduction in the power of the Unions The break-up of large organisations, both manufacturing and other industries (coal.) In such organisations collective pay settlements were the norm, if those people are now employed at all now, it is likely they are in smaller businesses, which tend not have collective bargaining. The change from mainly an industrial, manufacturing economy to one where the service industry dominates. Over the last thirty years, the standard of living in this country has increased significantly for middle and working class workers but as a consequence, contemporary workers have far higher expectations, with regards to pay and reward and want their efforts to be individually recognised. High performance workers demand to be recognised and rewarded and thus both social and economic pressures currently exist to support individualist pay systems. The Development of Reward Management Pay management systems in Britain have changed considerably over the last thirty years and many of these changes have occurred as a result of important external and internal influences on organisations. The author has chosen to focus on the work of Armstrong (1988) to carry out this analysis, as he is a renowned scholar in the field of pay and reward in the U.K. Old Pay Systems The Early 1980s According to Armstrong and Murliss (1998), these were:- Pay based on the national going rate negotiated centrally with the main Trade Unions White collar and managerial fine pay structures, created to assist promotion increases that did not fall within the norms of income policy, were often open to abuse and resulted out of decaying job evaluation initiatives Limited Performance Related Pay or incentive schemes for office, technical, professional or managerial staff Incremental increases on fixed service-related pay were the norm Senior management Tax- effective benefits The late Enterpreneurial 1980s According to Armstrong and Murliss (1998), the entrepreneurial 1980s witnessed dramatic changes to pay systems. During this period pays role changed from being viewed as a back office function to a key management mechanism for change during the formation of the Enterprise Culture. Pay systems became dominated by performance related pay and incentive schemes. Armstrong and Murliss (1998) argue that during this period reward managements philosophy developed important features which demonstrated many similarities to Human Resource Management philosophy, including:- Treating employees as organisational assets Earning the commitment of these employees to the organisations core values and objectives Allowing staff members to achieve their full potential and to contribute fully to organisational goal achievement The Post Entrepreneurial 1990s Many of the simplistic pay models implemented in the late 1980s failed to achieve their objectives (Armstrong and Murliss, 1998) New Pay Systems The 1990s saw the adoption of a more strategically focused pay systems, which are still operational in contemporary private and public sector organisations. Armstrong and Murliss (1998) noted that the main developments to be incorporated into new pay systems in the 1990s included:- People-based pay, with emphasis on role adaptability and a move towards generic roles and job families, which focus on continual development and competence The introduction of second/ third generation performance- related pay, which focuses on improving performance rather than merely rating it Determining the value of employee inputs and outputs in Performance management i.e. development and motivation Recognising the employees as an organisational stakeholder, who is included in processes which affect their parts of the employment relationship for example pay According to the findings CIPD Survey 2004 of Performance Management, (cited in Armstrong and Stephens, 2005), 56% of the 566 respondents had some type of Performance related Pay. Armstrong and Stephens (2005) argue that many people view Performance Related Pay as a key people motivator, however they argue that non financial rewards i.e. the work undertaken and the working environment form an important part of the whole reward package. However, according to the findings of The e-research 2004 Survey of Performance Related Pay (cited in Armstrong and Stephens, 2005) the main factors for using Performance Related Pay are:- To acknowledge and reward superior performance To appeal to and maintain excellent personnel To enhance organisational performance To concentrate efforts on strategic values and results The Decline of Collectivism According to the WERS Report 2004 and Edwards (2003) the declining influence of the trade unions led to the decline of collectivism, which the WERS Report 2004 noted occurred between 1988-2004, particularly in non public sector and private organisations. The WERS Report 2004 noted that By far the most common pay determination in 2004 was unilateral pay setting by management. (WERS Report, 2004, p.19) i.e.individualism. Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector According to the WERS Report 2004, despite the decline of collective bargaining, it is still used as a means to set pay in larger organisations for example, in public sector organisations, for example, in the public administration and Utilities Industries. Collective Bargaining in the Private Sector According to the WERS Report 2004, Collective Bargaining was virtually non- existent in private sector organisations, for example, the Hotel and Restaurant Industry. In addition, the report noted that collective bargaining has not been replaced by any other single pay determination method, however mixed methods were less used and varying methods of single pay determination were used across the workplace. (WERS Report, 2004) Evidence of the Decline of Collectivism in the U.K. The decline in the use of Collective Bargaining in the U.K., as a pay determination method, over the last thirty years, is clearly illustrated in Table 1, Appendix 1. The Rise of Individualism or Performance Related Pay Some of the key reasons for the rise of individualism in pay systems in the U.K. can be summarised as follows:- The Terms and conditions of staff are increasingly important Aspiration and expectation increasingly staff want to be rewarded for doing a good job As mentioned above the socio-economic factors decline of the trade unions Increased competitive pressures Increasingly market forces constraining employers discretion Driving change (in pay and reward) is the need to strengthen the link to business performance , cost control, support for organisational change and recruitment and retention pressures ( Wright, 2007) As we have moved away from Collectivism, the last thirty years has been dominated by change and experimentation. Basic pay, which applies to the collective is supplemented and enhanced by pay systems that seek to differentiate between individuals in some way. Inconsistencies in Individualism/ Performance Related Pay From the research undertaken, it is clear that contemporary pay systems, some of the features of which are noted in brief on page 7, are determined through collective bargaining or Individualism/ Performance Related Pay, the latter of which has given rise to organisation- based pay setting, which has led to inequalities in pay in the U.K. since 1980. (Edwards, 2003) Individualism/ Performance Related Pay does not apply across the board to all categories of staff. Of particular note is the disparity in packages between managers and workers, for example, The WERS Report 2004 recorded that 45% of managers had company cars, while only 15% of workers had company cars and 38% of managers had private health care, while only 16% of workers had private health care. Performance related pay matrices, as illustrated in Appendix 2, are often used to determine pay increases in relation to performance and pay range position ( Armstrong and Stephens, 2005) Managers need to apply these systems both equally and fairly and therefore, there will need to be some form of mediation with all senior managers to ensure o harmonisation and the implementation of quotas, as not everybody can be rated, as excellent, as it would cost the organisation too much money. Decline in Popularity of Individualism/ Performance Related Pay Performance Related Pay became popular in the late 1980s, as noted earlier on pages 5-7, however, numerous reasons have lead to a decline in its popularity , for example:- Performance Related Pay has become surrounded by complaints about inconsistencies, as noted above, and (therefore) bias Managers who carry out appraisals and administer related monitoring processes often lack the necessary training Performance Related Pay assumes that performance is totally in the hands of the individual, however performance is affected by the organisation/ environment they work in The qualifying criteria for Performance Related Pay demanding and difficult to achieve ( Armstrong and Stephens, 2005) Labour Research, September 2000, reported some significant failings of Performance Related Pay in the public sector, by citing IRS Pay and Benefits Bulletin Survey, which found for example, that 75% of public PRP schemes were too insignificant to motivate staff and that 29% of public sector organisations felt PRP was too costly. According to Wright (2007), the Approach has moved on from simply collectivism and individualism to refining thoughts about individualism, taking into account staff engagement, trust and commitment. There is a need to develop management when looking at the design of reward systems. Wright (2007) cites Milsome (2005), who noted from the Reward Management Symposium (2005) that reward practices are rarely based on evidence of what produces good organisational outcomes and what does not. (Wright, 2007, p.159) Pay and Reward Today According to the CIPD (2010) Today the notion of linking pay to a wider definition of employee contribution is gaining ground. This emphasises not only performance in the sense of output (the end result that is achieved) but also the input (what the employee has contributed in a more holistic sense. (CIPD Website, 2010) It could be said that these developments demonstrate a more rounded and fairer approach to measuring individual performance. The CIPD (2010) refer to a members poll, carried out in March 2009 to gauge the effects of the economic crisis on performance management. It is significant to note 92% of the respondents believed there had been an increased level of performance management in general, 88% of the respondents felt that it was necessary to re-evaluate performance measures to replicate the more demanding work environment. With reference to rewarding performance, 63% of respondents felt that it was harder to reward good performance in the current climate and 90% of respondents felt that reward performance should include the use of increased levels of non-financial incentives. (CIPD, 2010) The results from the CIPD members poll clearly demonstrates the continued importance of performance management but it does also highlight that the current economic crisis has and is likely to continue to affect Performance Related Pay. Conclusion It is true that collectivism has declined and individualism has increased but it is not as simple as one approach replacing the other. Collectivism really started to decline in the Thatcher years with the destruction of the trade unions power and the support for individual endeavour in an attempt to improve the UKs economic performance. Thatcher was a great believer in meritocracy and open competition. This lead to the rise of the importance of the individual. Over the years we have seen this develop from being just about Pay to encompassing the wider concept of Reward (e.g. longer holidays, flexible hours, private health, etc). In the early Eighties this type of Reward was the preserve of Managers, but is now applied at many different levels. This has been strengthened in recent years as a result of two key factors: (i) two recessions within the space of 20 years where companies have struggled to find ways to retain and reward skilled employees other than the traditional financial remuneration, (ii) the changing face of the UK industry from manufacturing to services. However, Collectivism still has its place in larger public organisations and some private ones, particularly where it is very difficult to differentiate between the performance of individuals doing exactly the same lightly skilled jobs, and where the going rate for the job is still a valid concept. Although Individualism does dominate, it has itself developed again in the last 15 years where it has moved from pure Performance Related Pay to systems which are more objective in their assessment and also endeavoured to focus on staff improvement and development. Bibliography:- Armstrong, M., and Murliss, H., (1998.4th ed.) Reward Management : A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice, Kogan Page, pp.1-57 Armstrong, M., and Stephens, T., (2005) Individual contingent pay, in Employee Reward Management and Practice. London, Kogan Page, pp.231-254 BBC News, Retrieved, 2nd January 2011 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3681973.stm, Cornwell website, Retrieved 7th January 2011 from http://www.cornwell.co.uk/people_management/reward_management.asp CIPD (2010) Performance Related Pay Factsheet, Retrieved 10th January 2011 from: http://www.cipd.co.uk/shapingthefuture/_eccrsplrst.htm?IsSrchRes=1 Eurofound website, Retrieved 6th January 2011 from: Edwards, P.,( 2003 ed.) Industrial Relations, Oxford Blackwell Hollinshead, G., Nicholls, P., and Tailby, S., (1999), Pay, in Employee Relations, London: Pitman Publishing, pp.332-377 Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix,G., And Oxenbridge, S., (2004) Inside the Workplace, First Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey ( WERS 2004) Labour Research Department (September 2000) Performance -related pay failing in the public sector, Publications Online for Amicus members The Guardian (2010), Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/feb/28/economics-conservatives-legacy-housing-election Wright, A., (2007), Through a Glass Darkly: problems and issues in reward, in Porter, C., Bingham, C., and Simmonds, D., (2008), Exploring Human Resource Management, McGraw Hill. London, pp.159-177 Appendix 1 The Decline of Collective Bargaining in the U.K. Membership % of Density % Covered by Collective Bargaining 1979 13 million 59 70 1997 7.8 30.2 33.3 2006 7.6 28.4 35.3 Constructed from data provided through the Workplace Industrial Relations (and Employee Relations) Survey series 1980-2004 and a certification Office report for 2007

greek philosophy Essay -- essays research papers

Greek Religion is the beginning to Greek philosophy and the beginning to many great philosophers. The lack of stimulation that Greek religion is the main reason why the study of philosophy became so popular in Greek culture. Philosophy of religion was studied because people like Socrates did not understand why things were and why they had to be only that way. The lack of religion is what led to people and philosophers questioning the ethical choices people followed. Philosophy is a study of beliefs and knowledge by a group or an individual; the study of philosophy according to Socrates was supposed to lead man with knowledge that equaled virtue that eventually led to happiness. Philosophy was a way of living back in Greek culture. There were philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Arcamedies, and Aristotle that were constantly question why things happened and went against what was Greek religion. These men taught the Greek people to study philosophy and knowledge so it would free their souls. Socrates felt that mans soul was rational factuality but the soul was filled with irrational choices. Man needed to focus on what they could do to become truly pure and rational that would led them to there rational soul.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Greek sophists were the professional educators in the poleis. It was these sophists that taught Greek men and boys to open their souls and become one with themselves. They mad them question everyday living and why things were there. A sophi...

Reflecting on one’s Communication Skills Essay

Introduction Nursing students can enhance their learning through reflection that is, reflecting on a situation that involves nursing care (Parker 2006, p.115). In line with this thought, I shall reflect on an experience and discuss the communication skills I used or should have used during the patient encounter. I will use the three what model based on the work of Borton (1970) and Boud (1985) to help structure my reflection. Before going any further, I am invoking the provision in the NMC (2008) code which declares the need to respect people’s confidentiality; hence, the identity of the patient who will be cited in this reflection will be kept anonymous. He will be given a pseudonym and will simply be referred to as Mr. B What? Mr. B is a 75-year-old patient in a nursing home diagnosed with dementia. Initially, it was my mentor who initiated nursing care to him and I was instructed to continue its delivery. The rationale why my mentor assigned me to Mr. B was so I can sharpen my communication skills. During my interaction with Mr. B, I tried to remain calm and spoke in slow and short sentences. I also used simple words although at times, I cannot help but repeat what I have already said because I was not sure whether the patient understood my statements. So What? At first, I was honestly hesitant and quite nervous when I interacted with the patient. I was already aware of his condition; hence, I was in a dilemma as to how I can communicate with him. This experience helped me realise that communication is truly an important part of nursing practice. Mastering all the routine nursing tasks and other complicated nursing interventions will all have been for nothing if a nurse does not know how to initiate a nurse-patient therapeutic relationship or interaction which naturally begins with communication. To simply put it, Ellis, Gates and Kenworthy (2003, p.214) declare that good communication is vital to effective nursing. According to Collins (2009) good communication helps build a therapeutic relationship which is central to nursing. It is a must for a nurse to be able to communicate effectively with the patient because communication is the tool that will allow the nurse to reassure a patient, empower the patient, motivate the patient, put a patient at ease, and convey understanding of the patient’s concerns (Collins 2009). I realised that communicating with a patient with dementia is more difficult than I have actually predicted. His condition was definitely the barrier that hindered effective communication. Even though I spoke in clear, short and simple sentences, there were still instances when the patient did not understand what I said or may be pretended to have not heard what I said. With this, I realise that one effective counter against such circumstance is to establish and maintain genuine rapport with the patient which can be done through frequent therapeutic conversations with the patient. Rapport entails trust and confidence of the patient to the nurse. Without, a nurse will have difficulty convincing a patient to follow instructions or adhere to advices. The experience also led me to realise the importance of valuing non-verbal communication. Before, I honestly took for granted non-verbal communication because the patients I handled in the past had no cognitive impairments that hindered verbal communication. It was only during this experience that verbal communication is less reliable due to the patient’s condition. This experience pointed out that a patient’s facial expression, presence or absence of eye contact, and bodily gestures can all help decipher a patient’s mood, feelings and attitude towards the nurse and the interventions given by the nurse. Videbeck (2010, p.107) relate that it is crucial for a nurse to understand what a patient is trying to communicate by means of observing non-verbal cues. I learned that a truly competent nurse is someone who is able to assess not only what a patient can verbalise but also assess those non-verbal cues displayed by a  patient which may lead the nurse to truly unde rstand how the patient feels and what the patient needs. Now What The experience helped me learn the importance of both verbal and non-verbal communication. As an aspiring nurse, I have to continuously sharpen my communication skills because I shall be interacting with more varied patients in the future. I have to be able to establish rapport with each new patient and I can do this by communicating with them. I must maximise my communication with my patients because I can do a lot of things by communicating such as motivate, empower, educate and understand my patients. Conclusion To sum up, reflecting on an experience will help discover different important learning. It will increase one’s knowledge identify strengths and weaknesses in one’s skills. Communication is key to building rapport and therapeutic relationship with patients. A nurse must always improve on his or her communication skills in order to better deliver nursing care. References Collins, S. (2009). Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship. (online) available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinicalspecialisms/educators/good-communication-helps-to-build-a-therapeuticrelationship/5003004.article Ellis, R., Gates, B. and Kenworthy, N. (2003). Interpersonal communication in nursing: Theory and practice. London: Churchill Livingstone. Nursing & Midwifery Council (2008). The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC. Parker, M. (2006). Aesthetic ways in day-to-day nursing. In: Freshwater, D. (Ed.). Therapeutic nursing: Improving patient care through self-awareness and reflection. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Videbeck, S. (2010). Psychiatric-mental health nursing. 5th edn., Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Introduction Aseptic technique is the practice of carrying out a procedure in such a way that minimises the risk of introducing contamination into a vulnerable area or contaminating an invasive devise (Dougherty and Lister 2011, p.129). Aseptic technique includes several methods such as sterilising instruments, using antiseptic hand scrubs, and donning of sterile gowns, gloves, caps and masks (Cho and Alessandrini 2008, p.43). In line with this thought, this essay will explore the underlying rationales and evidence for the performance of two common methods of aseptic technique. These methods are hand washing and gloving which I personally performed many times during practice placements. Practising Aseptic Technique The delivery of effective nursing care rests on the hands of the nurse. This statement does not only apply figuratively but also literally because the hands of a nurse must not only be capable of performing tasks, it must also be clean while performing such tasks. Hand washing is simply indispensable in the performance of any and all kinds of nursing care activities. It becomes too mundane that sometimes it is intentionally or unintentionally neglected or performed in a manner that is less than satisfactory. As a student nurse, it was made clear to me that proper hand washing is a very important initial step in the delivery of nursing services. I have performed hand washing countless times, some at an acceptable standard while others below standard. The origin for strongly recommending or rather enforcing the need to perform hand washing may be traced from Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis who advocated the performance of hand washing with a chlorinated solution among doctors before assisting women in labour (Case 2011). White (2005, p.527) defines hand washing as the rubbing together of all surfaces www.newessays.co.uk and crevices of the hands using a soap or chemical and water. It is a part of all types of isolation precautions and is the most basic and effective infection-control measure to prevent and control the transmission of infectious agents. Hand hygiene which includes hand washing and gloving, is the single most crucial means of preventing transmission of antibiotic-resistant organisms such as the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci or VRE (LeTexier 2011). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2003, p.28) or NICE in its guideline for infection control dictate that hand washing and gloving are two fundamental modes of preventing healthcare-associated infection. The World Health Organization (2006) highly recommends that health care workers wear gloves to prevent microorganisms present on the hands to be transmitted to patients and to reduce the risk of workers acquiring infection from patients. The effectiveness of donning gloves in preventing contamination of infectious agents has been confirmed in many clinical trials (WHO 2006). To reiterate, both hand washing and gloving are two of the most indispensable methods of aseptic technique; however, amidst the overwhelming evidence on the benefits of both procedures, there are still erring professionals. Nurses, doctors and other health care professionals still do err in the performance of such procedures. In my case, I have done it many times before but sometimes, I still forget to do it or consciously neglect to do it. Perhaps, the problem lies not within the knowledge of the need to perform it but rather on the manner by which it should be perform. There are varying ways and means of performing hand washing. In fact there are different kinds of hand washing. There is the medical hand washing which is similar to ordinary hand washing and there is also the surgical hand washing. Every institution has its own version on how to perform hand washing. This is also true for donning gloves. There are different brands of gloves each of which advertise some form of advantage over the other. There are also different modes of donning gloves such as the open technique and the close technique. There are also different varieties of gloves like clean gloves and surgical gloves. The differences and varieties with the way hand washing and gloving may be performed may account for the reason why some professionals err in the performance of these two important aseptic technique procedures. Another factor in the possible non-compliance of some healthcare professionals may be related to convenience in the performance of such procedures. For instance, when a nurse is overwhelmed by work-related stress due to high inpatient census, sometimes, the simple act of washing hands is intentionally neglected. As a solution to this, it is recommended to make hand hygiene convenient (JCR 2009, p.64). Instead of the traditional soap and water, it is possible to achieve the same effect with alcohol based scrub; thereby, eliminating the need for washing hands with water. It is also advisable to choose gloves that have special fit for different sizes of hands rather than the fit-all type of gloves. Conclusion In summary, hand washing and gloving are two common types of aseptic technique which are indispensable in the everyday practice of nursing. It has been well established that hand washing and gloving are crucial in the efficient delivery of services particularly in the aspect of preventing the spread of infection. Despite this known fact, some still err in complying with such procedures. References Case, C. (2011). Handwashing. [online] Available at: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/hand_background.php Cho, C. and Alessandrini, E. (2008). Aseptic technique. In: King, C., Henretig, F. and King , B. (Eds.). Textbook of pediatric emergency procedures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. (2011). The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures: Student edition. 8th edn., Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Joint Commission Resources (2009). Meeting joint commission’s infection prevention and control requirements: A priority focus area. 2nd edn., Illinois: Joint Commission Resources. LeTexier, R. (2011). Preventing infection through hand washing. [Online].Available at: http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/articles/2000/07/preventing-infection-throughhandwashing.aspx National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2003). Infection control: Prevention of healthcare-associated infection in primary and community care. [online]. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG2fullguidelineinfectioncontrol.pdf White, L. (2005). Foundations of nursing. London: Thompson Delmar Learning. www.newessays.co.uk Nursing Essay: Sample World Health Orgnization (2006). The first global patient safety challenge: Clean care is safer care. [online]. available at: http://www.who.int/gpsc/tools/Infsheet6.pdf www.newessays.co.uk

The man without a face

The man without a face Free Online Research Papers The Man Without a Face is a 1993 drama film starring and directed by Mel Gibson. The film is based on Isabelle Hollands 1972 novel of the same name. Gibsons directorial debut received respectful reviews from most critics. Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Treatment of sexuality 5 Urban legend 6 References 7 External links [edit]Plot The film takes place in the turbulent era of the late 1960s. For the past seven years, Justin McLeod (Gibson) has been living the life of a recluse painter. McLeod, a former teacher, has lived this way ever since a car accident left him disfigured and killed one of his students. However, a young boy named Chuck needs a tutor to help him pass a military academys entrance exam. He eventually is able to persuade McLeod to become his teacher, and the two develop a friendship. Chuck keeps his daily meetings with McLeod a secret to avoid the scorn of being associated with the disfigured man with a past shrouded in mystery. When his mother learns that Chuck has been visiting the man, she and the rest of the town are convinced that McLeod must have been molesting the child, despite Chucks repeated denials. Chuck confronts McLeod, and learns the full story of his disfigurement: McLeod, a former teacher, was in a car accident with a student who was in love with him. He was branded a pedophile and exiled from his hometown. Once his relationship with Chuck is discovered, McLeod is once again railed out of town and ordered by the authorities not to have any sort of contact with Chuck. On his way out of town, McLeod leaves Chuck a note wishing him the best of luck in his academic goals and a reminder to tolerate people who are different. In the films finale, Chuck is shown graduating with honors from the military academy and sees a mysterious figure in the background, recognizing it as his tutor, the man without a face. [edit]Cast Mel Gibson as Justin McLeod Nick Stahl as Charles E. Chuck Norstadt Margaret Whitton as Catherine Palin Fay Masterson as Gloria Norstadt Gaby Hoffmann as Megan Norstadt Geoffrey Lewis as Chief Wayne Stark Richard Masur as Prof. Carl Hartley Michael DeLuise as Douglas Hall, Glorias Boyfriend Ethan Phillips as Todd Lansing Jean De Baer as Mrs. Lansing Jack De Mave as Mr. Cooper Viva as Mrs. Cooper Justin Kanew as Rob Lansing [edit]Production The Man Without a Face was filmed in Maine and marked the film debut of Nick Stahl. Mel Gibson initially had planned only to direct the film, and he asked three other actors to play the role of Justin McLeod. However, due to difficulty securing funding, Gibson decided to star in the film.[citation needed] [edit]Treatment of sexuality The films treatment of sexuality between Justin McLeod and Chuck Norstadt differs from the book by Isabelle Holland. In the original novel, McLeod behaves in a way that could be interpreted as child grooming, taking Chuck swimming and being affectionate to him. Chuck, meanwhile, seems to be attracted to McLeod as more than just as a father figure. There is one scene where it is strongly implied that McLeod sexually abuses Chuck in his bedroom. In the film, McLeod demonstrates no sexual interest in the boy at all, even though Chuck appears downstairs in his underwear when the police officer calls. Critics have noted that the books criticism of homophobia had been obscured in the film version. Gibson has expressed dislike for the book because of its implied sexual contact between McLeod and Chuck: I read the script first and thats what I liked. The book is just Im sorry, but the guy did it. And you know, like, why? I just wanted to say something a lot more positive.[2] [edit]Urban legend Around the time of the releases of Gibsons films The Patriot and Passion of the Christ, an internet rumour falsely attributed to radio commentator Paul Harvey claimed this film was based on an actual incident that happened to Gibson as a young man. It proved to be false.[3] Research Papers on The man without a faceStandardized TestingWhere Wild and West MeetTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Free Essays on Emerald Nuts Campaign

in each of the commercials to make you remember the name of the nuts. I think the idea seems to work well. The Emerald website gives their mock media strategy for their commercials: â€Å"Our goal is to create a strategic media plan that is every bit as bold and provocative as the advertising. The EN Media Strategy: Extemelysavvyandboldmediaplan Noblyimplementedtoinsuremarketsuccess.† (EmeraldNuts.com)... Free Essays on Emerald Nuts Campaign Free Essays on Emerald Nuts Campaign Everything’s Nuts Advertisements are meant to catch the attention of the viewer while getting them interested in the product being offered. The commercial for Emerald Nuts definitely catches attention while making the viewer wonder what is trying to be sold. The reason why this advertisement turns viewers’ heads and makes the viewers think about their nuts is because the ad campaign is humorous. Humor makes people feel good and consumers feel less threatened buying products that come off as soft sells. One of the reasons the use of humor is so widespread is that it is such a versatile tool because humor is universal it can also act as a catch-all, a way of appealing to everyone. (Benaday) I think that unlike using sex to sell products, humor can work on all people, regardless of age, gender, or sexual orientation. The Emerald Nuts campaign has many different witty commercials. The first ad I saw was of a man and two women dressed up giving a news report, which seemed odd because they were also working-out. Before you can even take a guess at what the commercial is about, the announcer says, â€Å"Exercising Newscasters like Emerald’s Nuts.† It is pretty bizarre so it makes it a memorable commercial, but even after I watched it, I couldn’t remember the correct name of the product. Some other of their other commercials acrostics are â€Å"Ear-muffed Negotiators, Eavesdropping Nebraskans, Eerie Name-callers, and Egomaniacal Norman’s.† (Emeraldnuts.com) The campaign includes fifteen short commercials. They use the E N words in each of the commercials to make you remember the name of the nuts. I think the idea seems to work well. The Emerald website gives their mock media strategy for their commercials: â€Å"Our goal is to create a strategic media plan that is every bit as bold and provocative as the advertising. The EN Media Strategy: Extemelysavvyandboldmediaplan Noblyimplementedtoinsuremarketsuccess.† (EmeraldNuts.com)...