What Is Constitution Day in the United States

Constitution Day – also called Citizenship Day is a U.S. federal government observance that honors the creation and adoption of the United States Constitution and all persons who have become U.S. citizens, through birth or naturalization. It is usually observed on September 17, the day in 1787 that the Constitution was signed by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania’s Independence Hall. When Constitution Day falls on a weekend or on another holiday, schools and other institutions typically observe the holiday on an adjacent weekday. On September 17, 1787, forty-two of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention held their final meeting. After four long, hot months of debates and compromises, like The Great Compromise of 1787, only one item of business occupied the agenda that day, to sign the Constitution of the United States of America. Since May 25, 1787, the 55 delegates had gathered almost daily in the State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation as ratified in 1781. By the middle of June, it became apparent to the delegates that to merely amend the Articles of Confederation would not be sufficient. Instead, they would write an entirely new document designed to clearly define and separate the powers of the central government, the powers of the states, the rights of the people and how the representatives of the people should be elected. After being signed in September of 1787, Congress sent printed copies of the Constitution to the state legislatures for ratification. In the months that followed, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay would write the Federalist Papers in support, while Patrick Henry, Elbridge Gerry, and George Mason would organize the opposition to the new Constitution. By June 21, 1788, nine states had approved the Constitution, finally forming a more perfect Union. No matter how much we argue about the details of its meaning today, in the opinion of many, the Constitution signed in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787, represents the greatest expression of statesmanship and compromise ever written. In just four hand-written pages, the Constitution gives us no less than the owners manual to the greatest form of government the world has ever known. The Convoluted History of Constitution Day Public schools in Iowa are credited with first observing a Constitution Day in 1911. The Sons of the American Revolution organization liked the idea and promoted it through a committee that included such notable members as Calvin Coolidge, John D. Rockefeller, and World War I hero General John J. Pershing. The Constitution Town—Louisville, Ohio Proudly calling itself â€Å"Constitution Town,† Louisville, Ohio credits one of its residents for getting Constitution Day recognized as a national holiday. In 1952, Louisville resident Olga T. Weber submitted a petition asking city officials to establish Constitution Day to honor the creation of the Constitution. In response, Mayor Gerald A. Romary proclaimed that September 17 would be observed as Constitution Day in Louisville. In April 1953, Weber successfully petitioned the Ohio General Assembly to have Constitution Day observed statewide.   In August 1953, U.S. Rep. Frank T. Bow, crediting Ms. Weber and Mayor Romary for their efforts, asked the U.S. Congress to make Constitution Day a national holiday. Congress passed a joint resolution designating September 17-23 as Constitution Week nationwide, with President Dwight D. Eisenhower signing it into law. On April 15, 1957, the Louisville city council officially declared the city, Constitution Town. Today, four historical markers donated by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society detailing Louisvilles role as the originator of Constitution Day stand at the main entrances to the city. Congress recognized the day as â€Å"Citizenship Day† until 2004, when an amendment by West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd to the Omnibus spending bill of 2004, renamed the holiday â€Å"Constitution Day and Citizenship Day.† Sen. Byrd’s amendment also required all government-funded schools and federal agencies, provide educational programming on the United States Constitution on the day. In May 2005, the United States Department of Education announced the enactment of this law and made it clear that it would apply to any school, public or private, receiving federal funds of any kind. Where Did ‘Citizenship Day’ Come From? The alternate name for Constitution Day – â€Å"Citizenship Day† – comes from the old â€Å"I am an American Day.† â€Å"I am an American Day† was inspired by Arthur Pine, the head of a publicity-public relations firm in New York City bearing his name. Reportedly, Pine got the idea for the day from a song titled â€Å"I am an American† featured in the New York World’s Fair in 1939. Pine arranged for the song to be performed on the NBC, Mutual, and ABC national TV and radio networks. The promotion so impressed President Franklin D. Roosevelt, declared â€Å"I am an American Day† an official day of observance. In 1940, Congress designated each third Sunday in May as â€Å"I am an American Day.† Observance of the day was widely promoted in 1944 – the last full year of World War II -- through a 16-minute Warner Brothers’ film short titled â€Å"I Am an American,† shown in theaters across America. However, by 1949, all of the then 48 states had issued Constitution Day proclamations, and on February 29, 1952, Congress moved the â€Å"I am an American Day† observation to September 17 and renamed it â€Å"Citizenship Day.†Ã‚   Constitution Day Presidential Proclamation Traditionally, the President of the United States issues an official proclamation in observance of Constitution Day, Citizenship Day, and Constitution Week. The most recent Constitution Day proclamation was issued by President Barack Obama on September 16, 2016. In his 2016 Constitution Day Proclamation, President Obama stated, â€Å"As a Nation of immigrants, our legacy is rooted in their success. Their contributions help us live up to our founding principles. With pride in our diverse heritage and in our common creed, we affirm our dedication to the values enshrined in our Constitution. We, the people, must forever breathe life into the words of this precious document, and together ensure that its principles endure for generations to come.†

White Collar Criminals - 826 Words

Is jail time necessarily a true deterrent to white-collar criminals? Why or why not? Give examples, with explanations supporting your examples. The judicial system supports the behaviors of making an individual a repeat offender. The prosecution process is flawed when punishing criminals for their crimes. White-collar crimes may not appear to be taken as seriously as other crimes, (i.e., murder, rape, armed robbery, etc.) so the jail sentencing will not be as impactful. This action sends the message to criminals that with softer criminal tactics, they will not do hard time. According to the text, â€Å"Jail time does not offer amicable solution, because in most times the intended offense is not prosecuted† (Lilly, Cullen Ball, 2011). For instance, a politician gives a bribe to secure a license for a given business venture. This business venture affects the environment making it probable for life threatening risks of the affected population. At the end the politician will be charged against corruption instead of murder. Deterrence and rehabilitation are the best mechanisms to protecting societal interests as opposed to jail time. 2. How does â€Å"organizational culture† contribute to white-collar crime? Give examples, with explanations supporting your examples. Formal organizations who are increasingly getting involved with white-collar crime, are aimed at achieving organizational goals. Organizational culture is embodied with the structures of the organization in its wakeShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crimes And Criminal Offences1238 Words   |  5 PagesScams, price fixing, wiring accounts, fraud of all sorts, etc are all types of white-collar crimes. Not all crimes that are committed are even performed by the Chief Financial Officer. It has become more accessible, to commit these crimes, with the mass amounts of internet and cellular towers available. While the amount of electronic devices have increased so has the amount of cybercrimes. White collar crimes are criminal offences, formed from plans to rob from companies. There have been many in theRead MoreCriminal Theories On White Collar Crime962 Words   |  4 Pagesthis assignment, you will examine the various criminal theories that were discussed in the reading. In a page or two, exp lain which theories best explain white collar crime. The Strain Theory does a suitable but not a great job of explaining white collar crime. Therefore, in the Strain Theory it talks about the contextual anomie/ strain theory. while examining this theory, I discovered it to be the most compelling in our constant battle with white collar and corporate crimes. Ever, since the beginningRead MoreHow Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White Collar and Corporate Crime?2543 Words   |  11 PagesHOW DOES THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM RESPOND TO WHITE COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME? White-collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and is a cross-border problem. White-collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public associate crime with street crimes such as robbery, burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged persons who enjoy an elevated socialRead MoreA White Collar Criminal s Social Position Should Not Determine The Length, Term And Type Of Punishment1522 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Should Set You Free A white-collar criminal’s social position should not determine the length, term and type of punishment. The circumstance and type of white-collar crime should influence state and federal officials on the punishment. Some high profile crimes have been thoroughly planned and taken years or decades to execute. More than likely, the people that have planned and executed these crimes can detect the patterns and signs of similar crimes when presented with information orRead MoreThe For White Collar Criminals1704 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be of impeccable character that will be emulated by those below them and be admirable. Actions such as corruption, unaccountability and so much more are bad apples in the organization and should be eliminated through punishments for white collar criminals. An example is Cornelius Vanderbilt who made fortunes through steamships and railroads for being such great leader to be an icon to the insiders and outsiders of his firm. Daniel also says that main decision making is to be done by these corporateRead MoreThe Impact Of Law On White Collar Criminals Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagesmany deviant acts that are considered criminal or non-criminal behavior. White- collar crimes are considered a form of deviant behavior. These crimes rank among the various forms of crime existing within the context of society. According to Fredericks, McComas and Weatherby (2016), white-collar crime encompasses the nonviolent criminal activities committed for monetary gain within the financial situations. Therefore, as part of the criminal realms, white-collar crimes have a likely reason and courseRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Criminal Behavior1534 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, many academics have proposed various theories to help comprehend and explain criminal behaviours. These theories investigate many different aspects of the causations of crime and those at risk of criminal behaviour. White collar crime is a term founded less than a century ago within 1939 by Edwin Sutherland. He identified white collar crime as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (Hirschi, 1987, pg 953). SutherlandRead MoreWhite-Collar Crime and Criminals Essay2718 Words   |  11 Pages There are many definitions of white-collar crime. (Edelhertz, 1970) White-collar crime - â€Å"An illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by nonphysical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage.† (Edelhertz, 1970) White-collar crime are crimes can be committed by: â€Å"persons working on an individual basis for personal gain in a non-business situation (personal crimes); crimesRead MoreEthical Issues Surrounding Taking Donations from White-Collar and Corporate Criminals599 Words   |  2 Pagesguilty of having committed a white-collar crime were to make a donation to my organization I would come across an ethical dilemma when trying to decide whether or not I should accept it. The right thing to do, when regarding things from a point of view involving the contemporary social system, would be to refuse this donation, as this would turn the respective individual into a Robin-Hood-type person who is actually concerned about other peoples wellbeing. The criminal would improve his public imageRead More The Tragedy of White-Collar Crime Essay examples932 Words   |  4 Pagesdownturn forced society to ask question not normally asked. The reality that there are criminal who has assessed too many people retirement and investment is a shocking and alarming to the non-professional investor. When someone is in a legitimate occupation and committing, an illegal act is a white-collar crime. â€Å"To be more concise white - collar crime is define as any illegal act, punishable by a criminal sanction, that is committed in the courses of a legitimate occupation or pursuit by

Managing operations free essay sample

Competitions with Tesco express located at St. Johns Wood are not really competitive. Local shops are most near them and comparing local shops with Tesco, it is not a big competition. Also, Sainsbury’s and Marks Spencer, both of them located far away from Tesco, few blocks away. Tesco busiest hours are always the lunch hours when people nearer Tesco go buy lunch deal. Except for weekends, they’ll go to Tesco when they need or want something or when they are passing by. (‘They’ is referring to customers. ) Tesco in St. Johns Wood open at 7am every day except on Sunday, Tesco starts at 11am. Then on Monday to Friday, Tesco close at 9pm where as on Saturday, 8pm and Sunday at 5pm. Core business Here, the staffs are very focus on the customers; staffs have to understand customers and fulfil on the customers’ needs. Among the staffs; the staffs have to put a great teamwork to make d store clean, acceptable and relax. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing operations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also have to respect each other since Tesco welcomes women to work in Tesco, gender diversity. What Tesco does is to improve the highly value brand, making their own products so the profit will go to them not to other suppliers. Also to build teams to create more value and that is why staffs are hired more here. Below, fig1. 1, is a business model of Tesco: Light blue is the core activities Grey is the virtuous volume circle Lastly, the dark blue indicates the enablers Fig 1. 1 the core business model of Tesco The dark blue indicates the outdoor activities where customers can see what the staffs are doing through the price; innovating their offer, or buy showing all their products build by Tesco and etc. The grey colour indicates how Tesco going to plan their business, e. g. If the specific product is on peak, they going to start selling it more. Lastly, the light blue indicates the core activities, they sell, they buy, they move and they insight their products. Our focus of doing this report is to look at the objectives, strategic rate, operation design, location and layout and managing inventory. 2. The Transformation Model for TESCO Figure: 1. 2 the Transformation Process. Tesco is the UKs most successful and one of the world’s leading retailer, its provide good quality products and services at a cheap cost compare to its competitor such as Sainsbury and Waitrose. Like all other business the company follows’ three stages of the transformation model. According to Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2011), the transformation model describes how an organisation of any category transforms its inputs into outputs. The three stages are namely input, transformation process and output. Input Input in a business are resources such as people, material or finance put into a system, which is then transformed so that desired output can be obtained. Here, Tesco’s input are the products and services that are being offered in the store. Inputs are of two types’ namely transformed resources and transforming resources. The transformed resources include materials, physical goods and products that are offered to customers, information etc. and transforming resources such as employees that provide services and help the customer in the store and equipment that helps in processing the physical goods all the way to check out etc. Transformation Here all the transformation takes place such as creation of product, from input of resources to packaging the finished goods and putting it in the shelves of the store. Also, Information acquired through club card and from other sources is processed in this stage to provide the help and offering the customer according to their needs. Output Output is the final goods and services produced and delivered by Tesco for the consumption to the customer. Product goods and services are delivered according to customer’s order. These orders are delivered on time in order to retain loyal customers and a good customer service is provided to attract new customer. Once the customers are Satisfied with product/service it can be considered that the transformation process has been successful. 3.4 V’s analysis of Tesco expresses’ operations. Although all operations are similar in the way they transform products and services, they always differ in a number of ways, Four of which are particularly important for an effective analysis. L H H L H L H L TESCO EXPRESS – PANZEER – The diagram above allows us to compare the Tesco express store, in St johns wood, with one of its closest competitors Panzeer , a small grocery store, in terms of production and how they serve their customers. Volume is â€Å"the level or rate of output from a process, a key characteristic that determines process behaviour. † (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16). When analysing Tesco expresses’ volume we generally imply it to size, specialisation, unit costs and systemization. Tesco express stores are a lot smaller than the hypermarkets or the supermarkets and can not potentially hold as much stock or have the same amount of customers coming in daily. They average a size of 200 square metres. However compared to panzeer,a much smaller grocery store perhaps half its size, tesco express entails a higher degree of systemization as it has each member of staff specialising in different tasks such as ordering stock, operating the till, unpacking the stock, refilling store shelves e.tc. A Staff member at panzeer would perform 2 or more of these jobs. Variety is â€Å"the range of different products and services produced by a process, a key characteristic that determines process behaviour. † (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16). Tesco hypermarkets can store a huge range of products from electricals, clothing, health and beauty and entertainment. In terms of variety once again Tesco express stores a much smaller, less complex range of products than the hypermarkets/supermarkets. They tend to store mainly food with an emphasis on higher-margin products alongside everyday essentials. A very small part can be some health and beauty and magazines to match customer needs whereas panzeer s variety would be less flexible and more standardized on essentials such as milk, water, bread, dairy products, alcoholic beverages and canned food. Variation in Demand is the â€Å"the degree of which the rate or level of output varies from a process over time, a key characteristic in determining process behaviour. † (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16) Both stores as whole have a low variation in demand meaning that theyre demand is relatively stable throught the day, week and year. Their operations system consists more of a rountine . Tesco express may experience a slightly higher variation in demand for its products as theyre can be good and bad seasons for purchasing fruits in the year, it is an extremely well known and brand with a sensitive reputation that can be influenced and it operates more competitively than panzeers. However, demand will only be greatly affected by external influences out of their control. Visibility is â€Å"the amount of value added activity that takes place in the presence of the customer also called customer contact.† (Slack, et al, 2007, Pg 16) Tesco expresse’s operations are somewhat hidden from its customers when it comes to its shifting and handling of stock in storage rooms, bakery for fresh croissants, bread and cookies, and a staff room. At panzeers, some of the internal operations are exposed to customers as there is a smaller space for carrying out its stock handling. The staff Do not really need customer c ontact skills as they are more self service machines than till operators, however the staff may need to help and advice customers on using the machine. Another factor is that in both stores there is a short time-lagg between customers choosing the goods they want and retrieving them which slightly suggests they are more visible. 4. Performance Objectives Fig 1. 3 5 performance objectives of Tesco using polar diagram The success of Tesco is not only measured financially but also its operation effectiveness. The 5 performance objective will help to determine the current status of the Tesco store. Tesco’s best performance objectives are the Flexibility and the Dependability. With the big variety of choices Tesco are always able to satisfy all kind of customer demand. With their promotions for the new launched products they are providing a great value to the customers. That proves the good flexibility objectives of the company. Dependability Other really significant Performance Objective is Dependability. Tesco always provides great amount of stock in all of their stores. With their own delivery services and having deliveries in all parts of the day a customer can be always satisfied with the needed goods. The size of the stores is according to the place where the particular store is positioned and they are always big enough to cover the amount of customers going thru the shop. With the exact number of tills they are able to serve many customers and that also improves the speed as a performance objective. Cost Cost is also one of the characteristics for Tesco. They are able to provide low costs to the customer by cutting down to minimum some of the unnecessary costs, such as cleaning expenses and for example making more self-service tills to reduce the expenses for stuff salaries. Other very important reason for the low costs is the lower quality of the products. Quality Quality is not the most significant Performance Objective. They don’t rely on the highest standards of quality of products and customer service. This is why Tesco is very competitive on cost. The price per unit is lower because they rely on the huge quantity of demand and not so much on higher quality and more expensive products. The stores of Tesco are clean and tidy but on the level of answering the standards and nothing above that point. Speed Speed is an important performance objective that is needed to keep in check if the business wants to their satisfied customer. According to slack (2007), Speed means the elapsed time between customers requesting products or services and their receipt of them. The St. Johns Wood store tries to minimize the time of the customer as there is staff are always there in the counter while other quickly re shelve the stock the needed. It is strongly believed that the faster customer can have service, the more likely they are to spend in the store and buy the product thus allowing making more profit while keeping the customer satisfied. Moreover, They also have equipped themselves with two self-service machines in order to avoid wasting customers valuable time queuing in store just in case if the store gets busy. Flexibility Here, flexibility mean being able to change and adapt to the situation according to the needs and offering substitutes when needed. It can be in either in terms of product or services in the store. This is an important performance objective for Tesco as it means making sure that the new product in the market are made available and filling the stock even when the supply is scarce so that the customer expectation is met. Also if one product is not available, making sure that a substitute product is provided. Tesco also takes measure to deal with the sophisticated demand of shuffling checkout queues. The store encourages flexibility programme such that allows employees to work for longer time thus benefiting customer by allow them to receive more satisfactory services also increase the speed of operation. Flexibility is also influenced by market changes and advancement and by competitors. Therefore, it can be noticed that flexibility affect the speed of operation in the and also improves the dependability. Tesco has enjoyed a substantial profit margin in the past years because of the cost and the flexibility that it offers which meets the consumer demand and also their unique design and quality of the manufacturing processes that produce their own brand product. Moreover, their strategy of â€Å"pile it high and sell it cheap† gives them competitive advantage. Here, looking at all the objective it can notice that each of these 5 performance objective are interlinked with each other. If the balance of one is disturbed, it affects rest of the 4 characteristics. Therefore it is essential that the store should try keeping and maintaining a balance for all of it. 5. Design The purpose of design is to satisfy customers. Design for a company is so important for many reasons, some of them being ; it helps businesses connect with the customers, having the right design helps boost sales ‘companies that were effective users of design had financial performances 200% betterthen average’ (Quoted from Lecture 3 Slide) etc. The design of Tesco St Johns wood is perfectly developed to be the most comfortable for the customers and the staff to be able to serve them. You can see the floor plan of this particular store in (appendix 1) In order to find out which design is right for the business there has to be a lot of research done. A normal procedure that would be undertaken is: 1. Generate and develop ideas from both internal (employees, market research, etc. ) and ex ternal (customers) sources. 2. Screening ideas – helps to rule out ideas which seem not to have potential 3. Feasibility Study – carry out more research into the remaining ideas e. g uniqueness of idea, selling price 4. Preliminary Design and Development – involves developing the best design for the new idea 5. Testing Prototypes a model of the actual design that is tested before actually making the real one 6. Market Sensing and testing target markets – finding out if customers would actually like this design? 7. Final design – make any changes necessary to the initial design 8. The Decision – the head office decides whether to go ahead or not with the design 6. Concept The concept of the Tesco we are doing is the mini market. Tesco have been allocated with different sizes, for example, Tesco extra, Tesco metro and Tesco express. The Tesco in St. Johns Wood is the Tesco express that we are specifically look at. They are selling not much product as compare to the bigger Tesco’s as mentioned before. They are just selling the necessities for daily life such as snacks, desserts, drinks, lunch meals, laundry powder etc. Below is a diagram of a concept screening: Basically, what can be explained through the diagram is the concept on our Tesco in St. Johns Wood using right now. Is it feasibility? Can it be accepted? And what are the downsides of that concept? So, in order to know the answers, they have to invest something to control the difficulty, to see the consequences of returning the item and looking at the risk on what will happen to the Tesco. If all of them are answered, evaluate everything to make it a little bit pack and neat.

Marine Insurance Associate Business Production

Question: Describe about the Marine Insurance for Associate Business Production. Answer: Introduction Protection and indemnity insurance (PI) is one of the types of insurance in mutual maritime that is offered by a club of PI. It is provided by the club members to cover the open- ended risks that the traditional insurers were not interested to provide to the ship owners like marine insurance and cargo cover. PI provide the protection and reimbursement for the liability of the ship owners including the coverage of non- commercial or non- financial losses arises from the ship operation (Pearson and Doe 2015). This insurance class has been formed to provide the financial safety net, additional assistance to deal with the claimants and loss challengers and to provide more powers to balance the potential hardships. Initially, the British ship owners formed the club in the 18th century, which was set up in each case from the different geographical area. Further, during the year 1855 the ship owners formed the association for protection known as Ship owners Mutual Protection Society. The as sociation was formed to operate like marine insurance club in order to cover the liabilities, financial loss, non- financial loss including the loss of life (Depr, Reniers and Zamparini 2016). Discussion Purpose and Function of Ship owners PI Club One of the major purposes of the PI Club is to cover the liabilities of the ship owners that the traditional insurers were not able to cover. The club was formed to operate on the basis of mutual agreements as well as on non- profit basis to meet the claims of losses incurred by the ship owners (Smith 2015). The members of the association aimed to call and collect the money every financial year in order to meet the costs and expenses of operating the association business activities including the amount of claims related to each of the year. Initially, there were thirteen clubs of PI co-operating in the two significant areas for sharing the amount of claims among each other as well as buying the reinsurance based on the collection. Such activities assist the association to provide cover on loss incurred by the ship owners more than it was offered in the commercial market (Gandorfer, Hartwich and Bitsch 2015). Additionally, the association was formed to perform with the common interest with respect to the legislations, principles of the shipping contracts and other regulatory frameworks to provide the insurance activities. The PI club functions to provide the insurance to ship owners for the liabilities that include the loss of life or personal injury to the seamen, third parties or to the passengers (Zhu and Zhang 2015). The purpose of the association is to provide coverage the liabilities for stowaways or people saved at the sea and the liabilities with respect to the collisions and groundings. Another purpose of the PI club is provide coverage on the liabilities or loss from the damage to the fixed as well as floating articles, liabilities from the pollution or liabilities from the wreck removal. The purpose and functions of the PI association includes the insurance on liability and loss to the cargo of the ship owners (Davies 2015). The activities of the club involve the reimbursement for the loss due to oil spills including the services of finding the experts or contractors for the legal advice and payment of claims. With respect to the oil pollution or oil spills the club of PI undertook the activities of insurance guarantor considering the regulations of Oil Pollution Act as well as in accordance with the Civil Liability Convention Certificate. Apart from that, the function of PI association al so functions as a source of funds because many ship owners are not able to afford the required funds to get over with loss from pollution or other hardships (Sarrabezoles, Lasserre and Hagouagnrin 2016). Types of PI Cover Protection and indemnity insurance club provides number of cover to the ship owners along with the coverage of financial loss. The principles types of risks that the association covers include the protection and reimbursement to the third party, ship owners and operators for loss during the hardships. Coverage of liabilities for the loss of personal injury is provided under PI association to the ship owners including the passengers and third parties. Another type of cover that PI club provides is against the liabilities of illness or death of ship members, passengers as well as to other people (Zhu and Zhao 2015). The type of insurance PI that the association provides is to cover the loss or damage on cargo at the higher levels in comparison to the commercial market level. Wreck removal is another type of protection and indemnity cover provided by the association, which requires the mobility of huge units that includes the cranes, sheer legs, pull barges etc. It was said that the man y coastal areas that requires a removal of wrecked vessel cause harm to the environment, ship owners as well the parties hence it is important to include the insurance for its loss (Jaspersen and Richter 2015). The cover or reimbursement provided by the PI association includes to indemnify the loss arises from the pollution that affects the environment on the part of crew owners and other passengers. The association provides cover to protect the owners of the ship with respect to the collision that results in death, injury and other loss to the crewmembers including the salvage issues (Andeobu, Hettihewa and Wright 2015). The association of protection and indemnity formed to cover the liabilities arising from the damages on dock and liabilities of fines or penalties from the operation of the ships. The association provides cover on these losses and liabilities that affect the ship owners with respect to the commercial loss and personal loss. Other covers that include in the services of protection and indemnity are the protection from the salvage operations and loss due to oil spills that insures the tankers trading at international level. The services extend to cover the excess expenditures proposed to be incurred or incurred in relation to the several ship operations and management (Gandorfer, Hartwich and Bitsch 2015). Importance of PI clubs to ship owners Shipping industry is one of the most critical industries that involve three essential components like ships, seamen as well as cargo. All the three components of the shipping industry involve the element of risk with respect to transporting the bulk of cargo on the ship operated by the seamen. The risk involved in the shipping industry affects the financial factors and personal factors of the ship owners, crewmembers as well as other people (Sarrabezoles, Lasserre and Hagouagnrin 2016). Further, before the association of protection and indemnity insurance the traditional insurers involved in the marine insurance were unable and unwilling to consider therefore the PI association had been formed to protect the liabilities of the ship owners. It is evident that the service in the shipping industry involves the risk of personal life along with the monetary loss if the ship meets with an accident or due to any natural disaster (Clarke et al. 2015). On the contrary, the risk of loss of life is involved with the seamen and passengers as well if the ship is in the service of transferring the passengers. Hence, it is important to protect the loss arise from such disasters in the shipping service apart from the coverage of financial service. Hence, the association by the members of shipowners has been formed to provide protection and reimbursement for the loss and liabilities due to collision, wreck removal, pollution and other damages (Andeobu, Hettihewa and Wright 2015). The clubs of PI provides protection to the ship owners not only with respect to the loss or damages but also assist in generating the required funds as well as the legal advisors. Many ship owners experience the problems in accumulating the necessary funds to get over the problems with the oil spills, pollution, collusion or such other disasters. Accordingly, the PI clubs provide assistance in raising the funds to the ship owners required to overcome for such dama ges. In addition to this, PI clubs is important since it provides assistance as an insurance guarantor for several disparities that ship owners requires to solve the issues from several damages (Palma 2015). Conclusion Considering the huge risk element in the shipping industry, it can be said that the prospective loss or damages to the ship owners is essential to be indemnified. Since the conventional insurers on marine insurance were not willing to protect the losses and damages to the ship owners therefore, the group of members formed a club to protect the ship owners in different ways. The clubs were formed to operate on mutual decisions as well as providing the services without the intention of earning profit. The primary objective of the clubs to provide services based on the monetary issues, loss from personal injuries and providing the experts for legal advice. The service in the shipping industry is critical and involves issues in connection to the environmental pollution, stowaways, damage to cargo or dock that involve loss of monetary and non- monetary loss. Therefore, the clubs had been formed to reimburse such losses to the ship owners for protecting the ship members and other people in connection with the shipping service. Another primary service that the PI clubs provides to benefit the ship owners with the smooth flow of funds required by the ship owners for several shipping service. Therefore, it can be concluded that the association of protection and indemnity insurance is important aspect of maritime insurance to protect the various functions conducted by the ship owners in the shipping service. Reference List Andeobu, L., Hettihewa, S. and Wright, C.S., 2015. 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